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Shahada

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Islamic statement of faith
This article is about the Islamic creed. For other uses, seeShahada (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withShahid.

Part ofa series on
Islam

TheShahada (Arabic:الشَّهَادَةُaš-šahādatu;Arabic pronunciation:[aʃʃahaːdatʊ], 'the testimony'),[note 1] also transliterated asShahadah, is anIslamicoath andcreed, and one of theFive Pillars of Islam and part of theAdhan. It reads: "I bear witness that there is nogod butGod, and I bear witness thatMuhammad is theMessenger of God."The Shahada declares belief in the oneness (tawhid) ofGod and the acceptance ofMuhammad as God's messenger. SomeShia Muslims also include a statement of belief in thewilayat ofAli,[1] but they do not consider it as an obligatory part forconverting to Islam.[2] A single honest recitation of the Shahada is all that is required fora person to become a Muslim according to most traditionalschools.[3]

The testimonies

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Thedeclaration reads:[4][5][6][7]

لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ‎

Translation:

مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ‎

Translation:

The above two statements are commonly prefaced by the phraseašhadu ʾan (lit. 'I bear witness that'), yielding the full form:

Translation:

Translation and significance

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The Shahada can be translated into English as "There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God."[8] In English, capitalization of a word's initial letter indicates that it is aproper noun; that is, the name of a unique entity. If it is anoun with a lower case initial letter it is a "common noun"; that is a name which is not unique to an entity, but, instead, could apply to a number of members of a set.[9] The orthography of the translation therefore replicates the original Arabic meaning so thatgod is a common noun andGod is a unique proper name.[10]

The nounshahādah (شَهَادَة), from the verbšahida ([ʃa.hi.da]شَهِدَ), from the rootš-h-d (ش-ه-د) meaning "to observe, witness, testify", translates as "testimony" in both the everyday and the legal senses.[11][note 2] The Islamic creed is also called, in thedual form,shahādatān (شَهَادَتَان, literally "two testimonies"). The expressional-šahīd (ٱلْشَّهِيد, "the Witness") is used in theQuran as one of the "titles of God".[15]

InSunni Islam, theShahada has two parts:'lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh' ("There is no deity except God"), and'muḥammadun rasūlu llāh' ("Muhammad is the Messenger of God"),[16] which are sometimes referred to as the firstShahada and the secondShahada.[17] The first statement of theShahada is also known as thetahlīl.[18]

InShia Islam, theShahada also has an optional third part, a phrase concerningAli, the firstShia imam and the fourthRashidun caliph ofSunni Islam:وَعَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ (wa ʿaliyyun waliyyu llāh[wa.ʕa.lijːunwa.lijːu‿ɫ.ɫaː.h]), which translates to "Ali is thewali of God".[1]

In the Quran, the first statement of theShahadah takes the formlā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh twice (37:35,47:19), andʾallāhu lā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (God, there is no deity but Him) much more often.[19] It appears in the shorter formlā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (There is no deity but Him) in many places.[20] It appears in these forms about 30 times in the Quran. It is never attached with the second part, and any mention of Ali, who is particularly important to Shia Muslims, is absent from the Quran.[21]

Islam's monotheistic nature is reflected in the first sentence of theShahada, which declares belief in the oneness of God and that he is the only entity truly worthy of worship.[17] The second sentence of theShahada indicates the means by which God has offered guidance to human beings.[22] The verse reminds Muslims that they accept not only the prophecy of Muhammad but also the long line of prophets who preceded him.[22] While the first part is seen as a cosmic truth, the second is specific to Islam, as it is understood that members of the olderAbrahamic religions do not view Muhammad as one of their prophets.[22]

TheShahada is a statement of both ritual and worship. In a well-knownhadith, Muhammad defines Islam as witnessing that there is no deity but God and that Muhammad is God's Messenger, giving of alms (zakat), performing theritual prayer,fasting during the month ofRamadan, and making apilgrimage to theKaaba: theFive Pillars of Islam are inherent in this declaration of faith.[17][23]

Recitation

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Recitation of the Shahadah is the most commonstatement of faith for Muslims. Sunnis,[15] ShiaTwelvers, as well asIsma'ilis[24] consider it as one of theFive Pillars of Islam. It is whispered by the father into the ear of a newborn child,[15] and it is whispered into the ear of a dying person.[25] The five canonical daily prayers each include a recitation of the Shahada.[22] Recitation of the Shahada is also the only formal step inconversion to Islam.[15] This occasion often attracts witnesses and sometimes includes a celebration to welcome the converts into their new faith.[17] In accordance with the central importance played by the notion of intention (Arabic:نِيَّة,niyyah) in Islamic doctrine, the recitation of the Shahada must reflect understanding of its import and heartfelt sincerity.[26][27] Intention is what differentiates acts of devotion from mundane acts and a simple reading of the Shahada from invoking it as a ritual activity.[26][27]

Origin

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Though the two statements of the Shahada are both present in the Quran (for instance,37:35 and48:29), they are not found there side by side as in the Shahada formula,[16] but are present in the Hadiths.[28][29][30][31] Versions of both phrases began to appear on coins and in monumental architecture in the late seventh century, which suggests that it had not been officially established as a ritual statement of faith until then.[16] An inscription in theDome of the Rock (est. 692) inJerusalem reads: "There is no deity but God alone; He has no partner with him; Muhammad is the Messenger of God".[16] Another variant appears on coins minted after the reign ofAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the fifthUmayyad caliph: "Muhammad is the Servant of God and His messenger".[16] Material evidence from the 690s documents the existence of differing versions of the Shahada in different regions as opposed to what would standardize into a uniform version in later periods.[32] Although it is not clear when the Shahada first came into common use among Muslims, it is clear that the sentiments it expresses were part of the Quran and Islamic doctrine from the earliest period.[16]

In Sufism

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The Shahada has been traditionally recited in theSufi ceremony ofdhikr (Arabic:ذِکْر, "remembrance"), a ritual that resembles mantras found in many other religious traditions.[33] During the ceremony, theShahada may be repeated thousands of times, sometimes in the shortened form of the first phrase where the word 'Allah' ("God") is replaced by 'huwa' ("Him").[33] The chanting of the Shahada sometimes provides a rhythmic background for singing.[34]

In Alawism

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Due to the fact that theAlawites, anethnoreligious sect of Islam, believe thatAli ibn Abi Talib, the "first Imam" in theTwelver school, as the physical manifestation of God and due to this, they don't take the shahada as other groups within Islam.[35][need quotation to verify][failed verification] Instead, they state the shahada as "there is no God but Ali" in accordance to their belief.[36][failed verification] Due to this and their belief in Ali as the physical manifestation of God, they weren't thought of as Muslims as it was consideredidolatrous, this changed in 1932 when theGrand Mufti ofPalestine,Amin al-Husseini, "issued afatwa seeking to undermine the foundations ofFrench colonialism" inFrench Syria by offering the Alawites "equal treatment in an independent Syria", according toFabrice Balanche.[37][undue weight? –discuss]

In architecture and art

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The Shahada appears as an architectural element in Islamic buildings around the world, such as those inJerusalem,Cairo, andIstanbul.[16][38][39]

Late-medieval andRenaissance European art displays a fascination with Middle Eastern motifs in general and the Arabic script in particular, as indicated by its use, without concern for its content, in painting, architecture and book illustrations.[40][41]

Usage on flags

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Further information:Islamic flags andBlack Standard
Ottoman Turkish regimental standards with Ottoman Turkish national flag

TheShahada is found on someIslamic flags. For an exampleWahhabis have used the Shahada on their flags since the 18th century.[42] TheOttoman army often used verses from the Quran and Shahada on their flags. This tradition continued during the First World War. WhenOttoman Turkey joined the war on the side of theCentral Powers in 1914, it declared a jihad against theEntente States. The modern Ottoman Turkish army used theOttoman state coat of arms on one side of their standard regimental flags and Shahada on the other. The Ottoman regimental flags consisted of gold writings and the state emblem on a red background. After thedissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, this practice continued for a while in modernTurkey.[43]

In 1902,Ibn Saud, leader of theHouse of Saud and the future founder ofSaudi Arabia, added a sword to this flag.[42] The modernFlag of Saudi Arabia was introduced in 1973.[44] TheFlag of Somaliland has a horizontal strip of green, white and red with theShahada inscribed in white on the green strip.[45]

Theflag of Afghanistan under theTaliban is a white flag with theShahada inscribed in black. The variousjihadist black flags used by Islamic insurgents since the 2000s have often followed this example. TheShahada written on a green background has been used by supporters ofHamas since about 2000.[citation needed] The 2004draft constitution of Afghanistan proposed a flag featuring theShahada in white script centered on a red background. In 2006, theIslamic State of Iraq designed its flag using theShahada phrase written in white on black background. The font used is supposedly similar to the font used asseal on the original letters written on Muhammad's behalf.[46]

Military flags with the Shahada

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  • Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army in Battle of Vienna (1683)
    Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army inBattle of Vienna (1683)
  • Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army in Morea (1690)
    Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army in Morea (1690)
  • One Side of Ottoman Turkish Regimental Standard with Shahada which used in World War 1 (1914)
    One Side of Ottoman Turkish Regimental Standard with Shahada which used inWorld War 1 (1914)

National flags with the Shahada

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Gallery

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Amancus golddinar of kingOffa of Mercia, copied from the dinars of theAbbasid Caliphate (774); it includes the Arabic text "Muhammad is the Messenger of God".
TheQibla of theFatimid caliphal-Mustansir Billah in theMosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo showing theShia shahada that ends with the phrase"'Aliyyan Waliyyullah" ("Ali is the vicegerent of God")
The first phrase of theShahada inkufic calligraphy (1309),Kashan, Iran
TheShia Shahada on the mausoleum ofAttar of Nishapur, Iran. The first phrase is in white, the rest in blue.
Tile panel in theWazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan. TheShahada is on the top half of the panel.
Shahadas written in the style of aMamluktughra on the bottom right and in mirror image on bottom left
TheShahada written in squareKufic script, shown as buildings topped withdomes andminarets, with its mirror image on the left
Shia Shahadah atBab al-Futuh/Bab al-Nasr,Fatimid Cairo with the phraseʿAlīy walīy Allāh ("Ali is the vicegerent of God") at the end

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^aš-šahādatāni (الشَّهَادَتَانِ, "the two testimonials"); alsokalimatu š-šahādati (كَلِمَةُ ٱلشَّهَادَةِ, "the testimonial word")
  2. ^The related nounShahīd ([ʃaˈhiːd]شَهِيد), which is used in the Quran mainly in the sense "witness", has paralleled in its development the Greekmartys (μάρτυς) in that it may mean both "witness" and "martyr".[12][13] Similarly,shahāda may also mean "martyrdom" although in modern Arabic the more commonly used word for "martyrdom" is another derivative of the same root,istišhād (ٱسْتِشْهَاد).[14]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^abThe Later Mughals byWilliam Irvine p. 130
  2. ^"When becoming a Muslim, is it essential to include 'Aliyyun waliullah' in the Kalima?".al-islam.org.Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved30 May 2024.
  3. ^Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish. 2011.ISBN 978-0-7614-7929-1.
  4. ^Malise Ruthven (January 2004).Historical Atlas of Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 14.ISBN 978-0-674-01385-8.Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved12 August 2015.
  5. ^Richard C. Martín.Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 723.ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^Frederick Mathewson Denny (2006).An Introduction to Islam. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 409.ISBN 978-0-13-183563-4.Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  7. ^Mohammad, Noor (1985). "The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction".Journal of Law and Religion.3 (2):381–397.doi:10.2307/1051182.JSTOR 1051182.S2CID 159793899.
  8. ^Rippin, Andrew (2005).Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. p. 259.ISBN 978-0-415-34882-9.
  9. ^Cummings, Louise (2018).Working with English Grammar. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–75.ISBN 978-1-108-41577-4.
  10. ^Lewis, Franklin D. (2022). "The Spirituality of Persian Islamic Poetry". In Lawrence, Bruce B.; Cornell, Vincent J. (eds.).The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Islamic Spirituality. Wiley. p. 397.ISBN 978-0-470-67420-8.
  11. ^Wehr, Hans; J. Milton Cowan (1976).A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic(PDF). pp. 488–489.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved26 November 2015.
  12. ^David Cook,Martyrdom (Shahada)Oxford Bibliographies .ISBN 9780195390155.
  13. ^The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IX, Klijkebrille, 1997, p. 201.
  14. ^John Wortabet; Harvey Porter (1 September 2003).English-Arabic and Arabic-English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. p. 238.ISBN 978-81-206-1768-1.Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved26 November 2015.
  15. ^abcdCornell 2007, p. 8.
  16. ^abcdefgLindsay 2005, p. 140–141.
  17. ^abcdCornell 2007, p. 9.
  18. ^Michael Anthony Sells (1999).Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations. White Cloud Press. p. 151.ISBN 978-1-883991-26-5.
  19. ^Nasr et al (2015).The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 110. (Footnote 255)
  20. ^Nasr et al (2015).The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 1356. (Footnote 22)
  21. ^Edip Yuksel, et al (2007).Quran: A Reformist Translation. Brainbrow Press. Footnote 3:18.
  22. ^abcdCornell 2007, p. 10.
  23. ^Lindsay 2005, p. 149.
  24. ^"Seeking the Straight Path: Reflections of a New Muslim".Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved9 July 2007.
  25. ^Azim Nanji (2008).The Penguin Dictionary of Islam. Penguin UK. p. 101.ISBN 978-0-14-192086-3.Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  26. ^abAndrew Rippin (2005).Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 104–105.ISBN 978-0-415-34888-1.Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  27. ^abIgnác Goldziher (1981).Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–19.ISBN 978-0-691-10099-9.Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  28. ^Sahih al-Bukhari 8
  29. ^Sahih Muslim 8a
  30. ^Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2609
  31. ^Sahih Muslim 16c
  32. ^Jere L. Bacharach; Sherif Anwar (1 November 2012)."Early Versions of the shahāda: A Tombstone from Aswan of 71 A.H., the Dome of the Rock, and Contemporary Coinage".Der Islam.89 (1–2):60–69.doi:10.1515/islam-2012-0003.ISSN 1613-0928.Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved18 March 2024.
  33. ^abIan Richard Netton (19 December 2013).Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 143.ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1.Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  34. ^Jonathan Holt Shannon (2006).Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 110–111.ISBN 978-0-8195-6798-7.Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  35. ^Nisan, Mordechai (2002). "6: Alawites: To Power and the Unknown".Minorities in the Middle East (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 116.ISBN 978-0-7864-1375-1.'Alawite religious faith, that is the belief-system of the Nusairi sect, is rooted in a doctrine whose ideas reflect multiple theological and philo-sophical influences. ... Greek or gnostic conceptions of the divinity intersperse with human incarnation as a key element in its theology.
  36. ^Madeleine Pelner Cosman; Linda Gale Jones (2009)."The Nusayriyya Alawis".Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing. p. 407.ISBN 978-1-4381-0907-7.
  37. ^Balanche, Fabrice (31 December 2024)."Alawites Under Threat in Syria?".The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.Archived from the original on 4 January 2025. Retrieved7 January 2025.
  38. ^Doris Behrens-Abouseif (1989).Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction. Brill. p. 54.ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4.Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  39. ^Oleg Grabar, ed. (1985).An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Brill. p. 110.ISBN 978-90-04-07611-2.Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  40. ^Eva Baer (2013).The Renaissance and the Ottoman World. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 41–43.ISBN 978-1-4724-0991-1.Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved27 November 2015.
  41. ^Anna Contadini, Claire Norton (1989).Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images. Brill. p. 47.ISBN 978-90-04-08962-4.
  42. ^abFirefly Books (2003).Firefly Guide to Flags of the World. Firefly Books.ISBN 978-1-55297-813-9.Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved19 March 2018.
  43. ^"Regimental standard the 46th Turkish Infantry Regiment captured near Damascus, 1918". Australian War Memorial.Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved12 December 2024. The other side of the standard is also embroidered in gold and shows two texts from the Koran written in arabic script. They translate as 'There is no god but God' and 'Mohammed, the Messenger of God'. The standard would originally have been attached to a pole surmounted by a nickel plated crescent moon and brass star. Two gold bullion and crimson silk cords and tassels would also have been attached to the pole. The side of the standard bearing the sultan's toghra has been damaged by over-exposure to light.
  44. ^"Saudi Arabia Flag and Description". World Atlas.Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved22 June 2015.
  45. ^James B. Minahan (30 May 2002).Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 806.ISBN 978-0-313-07696-1.
  46. ^McCants, William (22 September 2015)."How ISIS Got Its Flag".The Atlantic.Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved23 November 2015.

Sources

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External links

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