After its completion in the early 16th century, Seville Cathedral supplantedHagia Sophia as the largestcathedral in the world, a title the Byzantine church had held for a thousand years.[6] The Gothic section alone has a length of 126 m (413 ft), a width of 76 m (249 ft), and a central nave height of 36 m (118 ft) (40 m (130 ft) at the crossing). The total height of theGiralda tower from the ground to the weather vane is 104.5 m (342 ft 10 in). TheArchbishop's Palace is located on the northeastern side of the cathedral.
TheAlmohad caliphAbu Yaqub Yusuf ordered the construction of a new grand mosque for the city in 1172 on the south end of the city. The new mosque was dedicated in 1182, but was not completed until 1198. It supplanted the one built between 829 and 830 by Umar Ibn Adabbas on the site of the present-daycollegiate church of Divino Salvador, as the main mosque in the city. Larger and closer to the city'salcázar, the mosque was designed by architect Ahmad ben Basso as a 113-by-135-metre (371 ft × 443 ft) rectangular building with a surface of over 15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft), including a minaret andablutions courtyard. Its prayer hall consisted of seventeen aisles oriented southward, perpendicular to itsqibla wall, in the manner of many mosques ofAl-Andalus, including the mosque of Ibn Adabbas.[8][9]
Shortly after Seville's conquest byFerdinand III, Yaqub Yusuf's mosque was converted into the city's cathedral. Its orientation was changed and its spaces partitioned and adorned to suit Christian worship practices. The internal space was gradually divided into chapels by constructing walls in the bays along the northern and southern walls. Almost the entire eastern half of the cathedral was occupied by the royal chapel that would hold the bodies of Ferdinand, his wife and Alfonso the Wise.[9]
Seville Cathedral was built to demonstrate the city's wealth, as it had become a major trading center in the years after theReconquista in 1248. In July 1401, city leaders decided to build a new cathedral to replace the grand mosque that served as the cathedral until then. According to local oral tradition, the members of thecathedral chapter said:"Hagamos una Iglesia tan hermosa y tan grandiosa que los que la vieren labrada nos tengan por locos" ("Let us build a church so beautiful and so grand that those who see it finished will take us for mad").[10] The actual entry from 8 July 1401, recorded among others by Juan Cean Bermudes in 1801 but now lost, proposed building "una tal y tan buena, que no haya otra su igual" ("one so good that none will be its equal).[11]
Work began in 1402 and continued for over a century.[12][13] The precise date when construction began is not certain, but some sources date it to 1433.[14][15] Several factors, including royal resistance to the temporary relocation of the royal chapel delayed construction. In 1433, KingJohn II of Castille allowed the temporary transportation of the royal bodies from the oldCapilla Real ('Royal Chapel') – including those ofAlfonso X,Beatrice of Swabia, Ferdinand III,Peter the Cruel, andMaría de Padilla – to the cathedral's cloister for storage.[15]
The clergy of the parish offered half their stipends to pay for architects, artists, stained glass artisans, masons, carvers, craftsman and labourers and other expenses.[16] Due to the size of the building and the cramped nature of the urban fabric around it, demolition and construction took place in different stages.[12] Construction began at the building's northeast corner and continued on its eastern end. After the permission granted by John II, the oldCapilla Real on the cathedral's east side was demolished to allow work to continue.[12]
A number of architects worked on the project, often from other countries. In 1434, a Dutch master named Ysambert was placed in charge. He was followed from 1439 to 1454 by a French master named Carlín, and then by Juán Normán until 1472. After 1472 there were two master masons in charge, probably in an attempt to accelerate work.[12] They were succeeded in 1497 by a Master Ximón (possiblySimón de Colonia), who was then succeeded in 1502 by Alfonso Rodríguez until 1513.[12]
By 1467 the eastern part of the cathedral had been completed. The stained glass windows were made after 1478 by Enrique Aleman.[12] The enormousretable was designed in 1482 by Dutch artist Pieter Dancart, who worked on it until his death in 1487, when it was still unfinished.[12] Thecrossing lantern (cimborrio) was completed before 1502 by Ximón and construction of the cathedral was completed in 1506–7.[12]
In 1511, however, the crossing lantern and some of the vaults collapsed, necessitating reconstruction. After some debate, the current crossing lantern, with its ornatelierne vaulting, was designed byJuan Gil de Hontañón the Elder in 1513 and completed in 1519.[12] In 1526 the central part of Dancart's retable was complete, but its side sections were only completed between 1550 and 1594.[12] After the completion of the Gothic cathedral, Seville's subsequent prosperity resulted in many additions to the building inRenaissance andPlateresque style.[12]
The crossing again collapsed in 1888, and work on the dome continued until at least 1903.[17][failed verification] The 1888 collapse occurred due to an earthquake and resulted in the destruction of "every precious object below" the dome at that time.[18]
The interior has the longest nave of any cathedral inSpain. The central nave rises to a height of 42 m (138 ft).[citation needed] In the main body of the cathedral, the most noticeable features are the great boxlike choir loft, which fills the central portion of the nave, and the vast Gothic retable of carved scenes from the life ofChrist.
The builders preserved some elements from the ancient mosque. The mosque'ssahn, that is, the courtyard for ablutions for the faithful to conduct their ritual cleansing before entering the prayer hall is known today as the Patio de los Naranjos. It contains a fountain and orange trees. However, the most well known is itsminaret, which was converted into abell tower known as theGiralda, and is now the city's most well-known symbol.
The Giralda is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Seville. Its height is 105 m (343 ft) and its square base is 7.0 m (23 ft) above sea level and 13 m (44 ft) long per side. The Giralda is the former minaret of the mosque that stood on the site under Muslim rule, and was built to resemble the minaret of theKoutoubia Mosque inMarrakech,Morocco. It was converted into a bell tower for the cathedral after the Reconquista,[19] although the topmost section dates from the Renaissance. The tower is 104.5 m in height and was one of the most important symbols in the medieval city. Construction began in 1184 under the direction of architect Ben Ahmad Baso. According to the chronicler Ibn Sahib al-Salah, the works were completed on 10 March 1198, with the placement of four gilt bronze balls in the top section of the tower. After a strong earthquake in 1365, the spheres were missing. In the 16th century the belfry was added by the architectHernán Ruiz the Younger, which hides the Almohad lantern;[20] the statue on its top, called "El Giraldillo", was installed in 1568 to represent the triumph of the Christian faith.
TheDoor of Baptism, on the left side, was built in the 15th century and decorated with a scene depicting the baptism of Jesus, created by the workshop ofLorenzo Mercadante of Brittany. It is of Gothic style with a pointedarchivolt decorated withtracery. It contains sculptures of the brothersSaint Isidore andSaint Leander and the sisters SaintsJusta and Rufina, by Lorenzo Mecadante, also a series of angels and prophets by the artisan Pedro Millán.TheMain Door or Door of Assumption, in the center of the west façade, is well-preserved and elaborately decorated. CardinalCienfuegos y Jovellanos commissioned the artistRicardo Bellver to carve the relief of theAssumption over the door; it was executed between 1877 and 1898.
TheDoor of Saint Michael or Door of the Nativity, has sculptures representing the birth of Jesus by Pedro Millán. It was built in the 15th century and is decorated with terracotta sculptures of Saint Laurean, Saint Hermengild and the Four Evangelists. Today, this door is used for theHoly Week processions.
TheDoor of Saint Cristopher or De la Lonja (1887–1895) of the south transept, was designed by Adolfo Fernandez Casanova and completed in 1917; it was originally designed by the architect Demetrio de los Rios in 1866. A replica of the "Giraldillo" stands in front of its gate.
TheDoor of the Conception (1895–1927,Puerta de la Concepción) opens onto the Court of the Oranges(Patio de los Naranjos) and is kept closed except on festival days. It was designed by Demetrio de los Rios and finished by Adolfo Fernandez Casanova in 1895. It was built in the Gothic style to harmonize with the rest of the building.
TheDoor of the Lizard(Puerta del Lagarto) leads from the Court of the Oranges; it is named for the stuffed crocodile hanging from the ceiling.
TheDoor of the Sanctuary(Puerta del Sagrario) provides access to the sanctuary. Designed byPedro Sanchez Falconete in the last third of the 17th century, it is framed by Corinthian columns with a sculpture on top representing KingFerdinand III of Castile next to the Saints Isidore, Leander, Justa and Rufina.
Door of Forgiveness(Puerta del Perdón) gives access to thePatio de los Naranjos (Patio of the Oranges) fromCalle Alemanes and therefore is not really a door of the cathedral. It belonged to the ancient mosque and retains itshorseshoe arch shape from that time. In the early 16th century it was adorned with terracotta sculptures by the sculptor Miguel Perrin, highlighting the great relief of the Purification on the entrance arch. The plaster ornaments were made by Bartolomé López.
TheDoor of Sticks or the Adoration of the Magi (Puerta de Palos orPuerta de la Adoración de los Magos) decorated with sculptures by Lope Marin in 1548, has a relief of the Adoration of the Magi at the top, executed by Miguel Perrin in 1520. The name "Palos" or "Sticks" is due to the wooden railing which separates that area from the rest of the building.
Door of the Bells(Puerta de las Campanillas) was so named because at the time of its construction the bells to call the workers were rung there. The Renaissance sculptures and the relief on thetympanum representing Christ's Entry into Jerusalem were made by Lope Marin in 1548.
The cathedral has 80 chapels, including theCapilla Real [es]. It was reported in 1896 that 500masses were said daily in the chapels.[21] Thebaptistery Chapel of Saint Anthony contains the painting ofThe Vision of St. Anthony (1656) byBartolomé Esteban Murillo. In November 1874, it was discovered that thieves had cut out the portion depictingSaint Anthony. Then, in January 1875, a Spanish immigrant attempted to sell the same fragment to aNew York City art gallery. The man stated it was a complete original by Murillo, Saint Anthony being one of the artist's favorite subjects. The owner of the gallery, Hermann Schaus, negotiated a price of $250 and contacted the Spanishconsulate. Upon securing the sale, Schaus sent it to the Spanish Consulate, which shipped it to Seville via Havana and Cadiz.[22] It was returned to the cathedral and added back into the work in 1875 by the restorerSalvador Martínez Cubells.[23]
The cathedral originally hosted a pair of historic instruments: a Gospel organ by Jordi Bosch, finished in 1793, and anEpistle organ by Valentín and José Valentín Verdalonga, finished in 1831.[24][25] Neither survived the 1888 earthquake. They were replaced in 1901–1903 with twin organs by Aquilino Amezua. These were converted to electrical control in 1973 and are now played from a single four-manual console on the floor between them. The organ was then reworked by Gerhard Grenzing in 1996, adding some more traditional Baroque capabilities to this romantic-symphonic instrument.[24]
In the sixteenth century, which has been described as a golden age of Spanish polyphony, several of Spain's leading composers were active as choirmasters (maestro de capilla) at Seville cathedral. The most renowned of these areFrancisco Guerrero, who worked there for a significant portion of his career (including as assistant choirmaster, 1551–1574, and choirmaster from 1574 to his death in 1599),[26] andAlonso Lobo, who was a choirboy at Seville cathedral in the 1560s and returned there in 1604, five years after Guerrero's death, to take up the post of choirmaster.[27]Cristóbal de Morales, though primarily active in Rome, worked at the cathedral for a period in the mid-sixteenth century.[28] Among notable composers active at Seville cathedral in later centuries areEduardo Torres, who was organist and choirmaster from 1910–1924.
^"Seville Cathedral Interiors".Seville Cathedral Tickets. Retrieved2 July 2025.Located in Seville, Spain, Seville Cathedral is a UNESCO Designated Site and the largest cathedral and Gothic church in the world.
^Juan José Asenjo Pelegrina Archbishop of Seville (11 December 2012)."Una catedral para el siglo XXI". Archdiocese of Seville. Archived fromthe original on 2 February 2014.Address by the Archbishop of Seville in the ceremony commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the declaration of the monumental complex of the Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias World Heritage Site by UNESCO
^Cean Bermudes, Juan (1863).Descripción Artística de La Catedral de Sevilla. Sevilla: A. Alvarez. p. 17.
Melton, J. Gordon (2010)."Hagia Sophia". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.).Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1300–1301.ISBN978-1-59884-204-3.
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