Apassthrough (orserving hatch[1]) is a window-like opening between thekitchen and thedining orfamily room.[2] Considered to be a conservative approach to theopen plan,[3] in a modern family home a passthrough is typically built when a larger opening is either precluded by the locations ofstructural columns or is impractical due to the need to preserve the wall storage space.[2]
If dining involves dedicatedwaiting staff, the pass-through allows servers to work without stepping into the kitchen; a restaurant design frequently has two passthroughs, one for the food and one for the dirty dishes.[4]
The term "pass-through" is also used for any opening in a wall between the rooms intended for passing items.[5]
In monasteries, passthroughs were common both to save walking and to limit the interaction of monks. Inhermitic orders, like theCarmelites, every cell had a passthrough in addition to the door, so that alay-brother can bring food to the monk without one seeing another.[6]
Passthroughs were also used to distribute food to the needy outside of the monastery walls.[citation needed] The passthroughs were then utilized at thefood service establishments, like factorycanteens and armymess halls.[7]
While serving hatches were used in the kitchens of residential apartments at the end of the 19th century,[1] they are considered as the "radical innovations" of the 1920s.[8] In the 20th century, architects became interested in the application of theTaylor'sscientific management theory to the households. Inspired byErna Meyer with herStuttgart kitchen — which itself drew fromChristine Frederick's Household Engineering (early 1920s) —J. J. P. Oud's kitchen design for theWeissenhof Estate featured a glazed sliding hatch for passing food.[9]
In the UK, the widespread adoption by the households dates to post-Second World War era with its dearth of the household help.[8] The popularity peaked in the 1960s[8] after the introduction of theeye-level grill,[7] but declined in the 1970s with the spread of a recirculatingrange hood[8] that reduced the need for isolation from the smells and vapors of the kitchen.
In addition to the main purpose of passing the dishes between the kitchen and the dining area, a larger passthrough also improves guest/host communications, adds openness, and brings more light into a smaller kitchen.[10] Passthrough allows the kitchen door to stay shut,[11] with shutters used to further isolate the noise, smell, and messy views of the kitchen from the dining area.[12]
Post-World War II household rearrangements dictated the need for better communications between the kitchen and dining areas. Pre-war, the meal preparations in the middle-class homes involveddomestic help, a closed-off kitchen was desirable to keep odors (and voices of servants) out of the public area. With wives becoming solely responsible for the meal preparation, cooking got merged withsocializing. The house layout, via passthroughs (or elimination of the kitchen wall altogether[13]), signaled that the kitchen worker was now a wife and a mother, and not a servant.[14]
In the original design of theStahl House the boundary between the kitchen and the rest of the space were not just demarcated by a lowered ceiling and a passthrough: the entrance to the kitchen could have been closed off by sliding doors, thus leaving the very large passthrough as the sole means of communication with the rest of the house, still providing the wife a "commanding view".[15] A view from other side of the opening also applies: combined with glass walls, the passthrough facilitates a common feature of the suburban life, surveillance: "…there is no escaping the omnipresent eye of the community" (William Mann Dobriner).[16] This constant visibility (including the household members observing the wife in the kitchen cooking[16]), perpetuated theheteronormative structure of family and society.[17] Just likepicture windows, the kitchen passthrough in Stahl House made people on both sides of the opening intospectators.[18]
In theJulius Shulman's series of photos of the Stahl House the passthrough embodies the husband/wife interaction, with the woman in the kitchen and the man on the other side of the passthrough.[19]
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