| Part ofa series on |
| Serers andSerer religion |
|---|
.jpg) |
Education |
TheSerer religion orSerer spirituality (Serer:A ƭat Roog, meaning "the way of the Divine", "path of God", or "religious life"[1][2]), is the original religious beliefs, practices, and teachings of theSerer people living in theSenegambia region inWest Africa. The Serer religion believes in a universalsupreme deity calledRoog (orRog). In theCangin languages, Roog is referred to asKoox (orKooh[3]),Kopé Tiatie Cac, andKokh Kox.[4] Doctor of ethnology and lecturer in ethnosciences, Professor Simone Kalis writes that:
The Serer people are found throughout theSenegambia region. In the 20th century, around 85% of the Serer converted to Islam (Sufism),[5][6] but some are Christians or follow their traditional religion.[7] Despite resisting Islamization and jihads for almost a millennium -having been persecuted for centuries, most of the Serers who converted to Islam converted as recently as the 1990s,[7] in part, trying to escape discrimination and disenfranchisement by the majority Muslim groups surrounding them, who still view the Serers as "the object of scorn and prejudice."[8][9]
Traditional Serer religious practices encompass ancient chants and poems, veneration of and offerings to spirits (pangool),Serer initiation rites,folk medicine,divination, and preservation of Serer history, culture, and identity which includes forbidding mixed-marriages,[10] and preserving one's sexual purity until marriage ― a practice that is strongly adhered to by theSerer-Noon, where the consequence of breaking this custom could mean being sentenced tocelibacy for the rest of one's life.[10]
| Part ofa series on |
| African traditional religions |
|---|
 |
The Serer people believe in a supreme deity calledRoog (orRog) and sometimes referred to asRoog Sene ("Roog The Immensity" or "The Merciful God").[11] Serer tradition deals with various dimensions of life, death, space and time, ancestral spirit communications andcosmology. There are also other lesser gods, goddesses andsupernatural spirits or genie (pangool ornguus[12]) such as thefangoolMendiss (orMindis), a female protector ofFatick Region andthe arm of the sea that bears her name; the godTiurakh (var :Thiorak orTulrakh) – god ofwealth, and the godTakhar (var :Taahkarr) – god ofjustice or vengeance.[13][14]Roog is neither thedevil nor a genie, but the "Lord of creation".[15]
Roog is the very embodiment of both male and female to whom offerings are made at the foot of trees, such as the sacredbaobab tree, the sea, the river (such as the sacredRiver Sine), in people's own homes or community shrine, etc. Roog Sene is reachable perhaps to a lesser extent by the Serer high priests and priestesses (Saltigue), who have been initiated and possess the knowledge and power to organise their thoughts into a single cohesive unit. However, Roog is always watching over its children and always available to them.[16]
In Serer,Roog Sene is the lifeblood to which the incorruptible and sanctified soul returns to eternal peace after they depart the living world. Roog Sene sees, knows and hears everything, but does not interfere in the day-to-day affairs of the living world. Instead, lesser gods and goddesses act as Roog's assistants in the physical world. Individuals have thefree will to either live a good and spiritually fulfilled life in accordance with Serer religious doctrines or waver from such doctrines by living an unsanctified lifestyle in the physical world. Those who live their lives contrary to the teachings will be rightfully punished in the afterlife.[17]
Ordinary Serers address their prayers to thepangool (theSerer ancestral spirits and saints) as they are the intermediaries between the living world and the Divine. An orthodox Serer must remain faithful to the ancestral spirits as the soul is sanctified as a result of the ancestors' intercession between the living world and the Divine. The pangool have both a historical significance as well as a religious one. They are connected to the history of the Serer by virtue of the fact that the pangool is associated with the founding of Serer villages and towns as a group ofpangool would accompany village founders called "lamane" (orlaman – who were their ancient kings) as they make their journey looking for land to exploit. Without them, the lamane exploits would not have been possible. In the religious sense, these ancient lamanes createdshrines to these pangool, thereby becoming the priests and custodians of the shrine. As such, "they became the intermediaries among the land, the people and the pangool".[18]
Whenever any member of the lamanic lineage dies, the whole Serer community celebrates in honour of the exemplary lives they had lived on earth in accordance with the teachings of the Serer religion. Serer prayers are addressed to the pangool who act as intercessors between the living world and the Divine. In addressing their prayers to the pangool, the Serers chant ancient songs and offer sacrifices such as bull, sheep, goat, chicken or harvested crops.
Theimmortality of the soul andreincarnation (Ciiɗ inSerer[19]) is a strongly held belief in Serer religion. Thepangool are viewed as holy spirit/saints, and will be called upon and venerated, and have the power to intercede between the living and the Divine. The Serer strive to live a righteous life so they can be accepted by their ancestors who have long departed. To be righteous, means one has the opportunity to enterJaaniiw (the place where good souls go[20][21]), to be able to reincarnate, and to intercede with the Divine. Being rejected by the ancestors upons one's death means one become a lost and wandering soul.[15][21] Serer spirituality rejects the notion of heaven and hell. In Serer spirituality, acceptance by the ancestors, and the ability to enterJaaniiw (orJaaniw) so one can be closer to the Divine is as close to the notion of heaven. Being rejected by the ancestors (those who have reincarnated and became holy, and serve as interceders between the physical world and the Divine) is equivalent to hell. However, Serer spirituality rejects the notion of "hell fire".[22][23] The soul's inability to enter Jaaniiw means that it cannot return to its purest and natural form, and peace. Thus, it won't be able to fly from Jaaniiw to ciiɗ, and return to earth for a new course ofhuman evolution.[20]
Each Serer family has atotem (tiim /tim[24]). Totems are prohibitions as well as guardians. They can be animals and plants among other beings. For example, the totem of theJoof family is theantelope. Any brutality against this animal by the Joof family is prohibited. This respect gives the Joof family holy protection. The totem of theNjie family is thelion; the totem of theSène family is thehare and for the Sarr family is thegiraffe and thecamel.[25][26]
Both men and women can be initiated into the secret order of theSaltigue (Spiritual Elder). In accordance with Serer religious doctrines, for one to become a Saltigue, one must be initiated which is somewhat reserved for a small number of insiders, particularly in the mysteries of the universe and the unseen world. TheXooy (Xoy orKhoy) ceremony is a special religious event in theSerer religious calendar. It is the time when the initiated Saltigue (Serer High Priests and Priestesses) come together to literally predict the future in front of the community. These diviners and healers deliver sermons at the Xooy Ceremony which relates to the future weather, politics, economics, and so on.[27] The event brings together thousands of people toHoly Sine from all over the world. Ultra orthodox Serers and Serers who"syncretise" (mix Islam or Christianity with the old Serer religion) as well as non-Serers such as theLebou people (who are a distinct group but still revere the ancient religious practices of their Serer ancestors) among others gather at Sine for this ancient ceremony. Serers who live in the West sometimes spend months planning for the pilgrimage. The event goes on for several days where the Saltigue take centre stage and the ceremony usually begins in the first week of June atFatick.
TheRaan festival ofTukar takes place in the old village of Tukar founded byLamane Jegan Joof (orLamane Djigan Diouf in French speakingSenegal) around the 11th century.[30][31] It is headed by his descendants (theLamanic lineage). The Raan occurs every year on the second Thursday after the appearance of thenew moon in April. On the morning of Raan, the Lamane would prepare offerings of millet, sour milk and sugar. After sunrise, the Lamane makes a visit to the sacred pond – the shrine ofSaint Luguuñ Joof who guided Lamane Jegan Joof after he migrated fromLambaye (north ofSine). The Lamane would make an offering to Saint Luguuñ and spends the early morning in ritual prayer andmeditation. After that, he makes a tour of Tukar and perform ritual offerings of milk, millet and wine as well as small animals at key shrines, trees, and sacred locations. The people make their way to the compound of the chief Saltigue (the Serer high priests and priestess – who are the "hereditary rain priests selected from the Lamane's lineage for their oracular talent").[32]
In Serer religion, Monday is the day of rest.[15][33] Cultural activities such asNjom or "Laamb" (Senegalese wrestling) and weddings are also prohibited on Thursday.[15] Monday and Thursday are religious days. The Serers make offerings and libations to thepangool (ancestral spirits represented by theserpent) onMondays andThursdays.[34][35][33] On Mondays, religious prayers and libations starts early during the day as it is a day of prayer, reflection, and family amongst the orthodox followers of the faith. In keeping with the societal aspect of the Serer "Jom" philosophy (lit. honour[36]), family life such as meals, rest, and receptions takes place in the open air, and Serer dances and folk songs such as thenjuup are organized every Saturday.[35] The "Jom" is a Serer code of values which includes religious, societal, economic, political, and ecological values.[37]
Courting for a wife is permitted but with boundaries. Women are given respect and honour in Serer religion. The woman must not be dishonoured or engaged in a physical relationship until after she has been married. When a man desires a woman, the man provides the woman gifts as a mark of interest. If the woman and her family accept, this then becomes an implied contract that she should therefore not court or accept gifts from another man whose aim is to court her.[38][39]
The Serer are anethnoreligious group[40][41] andnation,[42][43][44] and forbids interfaith, interethnic and interracial marriages, and often marry amongst themselves for religious and cultural reasons―especially those who practice the faith.[45] There are however, Serers who marry into the otherSenegambian ethnic groups and faiths, but most often, they are either non-practicing Serers or have converted to the Abrahamic religions. In Serer tradition, banishment and disinheritance are just some of the punishments that could be levied on a Serer for marrying out.[45] TheSerer-Noon (a subgroup within the Serer ethnic group) adhere strongly to these teachings.[45] Described by David Boilat in his Sketches of Senegal (1853) as "the most beautiful black people... tall and beautiful posture... who are always well dressed, very strong and independent",[46] the Serer-Noon are ultra-conservative and rarely marry out. They only tend to marry amongst themselves or with other Serers.[45] In Serer society, marriage alliances are also formed between the Serer maternal and paternal clans. The "tokoor", the head of a Serer matriclan - who is usually the oldest male, tend to arrange marriages. For more on that, seeSerer maternal clans.
Were a young man and a woman found engaged in premarital relationships, both are exiled to avoid bringing shame to the family, even if pregnancy resulted from that courtship.[38]
Adultery is dealt with by the Serer jurisprudence ofMbaax Dak A Tiit (the rule of compensation).[47] If a married woman engaged inadultery with another man, both adulterers are humiliated in different ways. The wronged male spouse (the husband) is entitled to take the undergarment of the other male and hang it outside his house to show that the male lover had broken custom by committing adultery with his wife. The lover would be shunned from the Serer society; no family would want to marry into his family and he would be excommunicated. This was and is seen as extremely humiliating; many male Serers have been known to take their own lives because they couldn't bear the humiliation.[38][48] The public display of undergarments was not applied to women; when women marry in Serer society, they braid their hair in a particular style, which is restricted to married women – it is a symbol of their status, which is highly valued in Serer society. An adulteress's female relatives unbraid her hair. This is so humiliating and degrading for a married woman that many women have been known to commit suicide rather than endure the shame.[38][48] The wronged man can forgive both his wife and her lover if he chooses to. The adulterers and their respective families must gather at the king, chief, or elder's compound to formally seek forgiveness. This will be in front of the community because the rules that govern society have been broken. The doctrine extends to both married men and women. Protection is given to the wronged spouse regardless of his or her gender.[49][48]
In the past, when someone killed another person, the victim's family had the right to either forgive or seek vengeance. The murderer and his family would gather at a local centre headed by the Chief or the palace headed by the King. Before this judgement, the murderer's family would cook some food (millet) to be shared among the community and the victim's family. The victim's family would nominate a strong man armed with a spear with a piece of cooked lamb or beef at the end of it. This executioner, taking his instruction from the victim's family, would run towards the murderer, who was required to keep his mouth open. If the victim's family chose revenge, the executioner would kill the murderer with his spear, after which the food that had been cooked would not be eaten and everyone would disperse. From that day on, the families would be strangers to each other. On the other hand, if the victim's family had forgiven the murderer, then the executioner would run and gently feed the murderer the piece of meat on his spear. In that case, the community would enjoy the meal and the two families would be sealed as one and sometimes even marry off their children to each other.[49][50]
TheMbeel (lit. pond,[51][52] symbolising societal pond[52]) is the law that governs charity giving, generosity, and hospitality–which are fundamental aspects of Serer way of life/spirituality. In the Serer home, a room or hut, separate from the main house is built to house excess harvest of millet, vegetables, and other food stuff for those in need. The Serer built their homes in a symbolic way, and members of the community in need know which building to go to and take what they need without asking for permission. Many traditional Serer homes throughout Serer contrary follow the same building structure rooted in symbolism. Those living in big cosmopolitan cities may not have this, but those living in the countryside usually do, especially those who can afford it. It was and still is customary for many Serers (especially those in the countryside) to cook and take their food to the local square for the whole community to eat together. The local square would be lined with different dishes brought by different families. This ensures that, the poor or families who are struggling financially, are fed, and other people would not be able to determine which family is struggling or didn't cook because they couldn't afford to. The societal aspect of the "Jom" philosophy plays a pivotal role in Serer society. TheMbeel teaches that, generosity and hospitality must be reflected in the daily actions of every person, and should be impulsive. Such impulsiveness, seals the communion of hearts and strengthens the love for one's neighbour. Thus, one must give with a smile. In Serer society, refusing hospitality is tantamount to transgressing the rules of courtesy and human relations.[52]
Serers may wear an item belonging to their ancestor, such as the hair of an ancestor or an ancestor's treasured belonging, which they turn intojuju on their person or visibly on their necks.[53]
The Serers also have an ancient knowledge ofherbalism which is passed down and takes years to acquire.[54][55] The Senegalese government has set a school and centre to preserve this ancient knowledge and teach it to the young. TheCEMETRA (Centre Expérimental de Médecine Traditionnelle deFatick) Membership alone consist of at least 550 professional Serer healers in the Serer region of Sine-Saloum.[56]
Several traditional practices linked with land and agricultural activities are known, two examples are described below:
As the oldpagan festivals were borrowed and altered by Christianity which came later,[57] the names of ancient Serer religious festivals were also borrowed bySenegambian Muslims in a different way to describe genuine Islamic festivals in their own language. The Serers are one of very few communities in Senegambia, apart from theJolas, who have a name for god[s] which is not borrowed from Arabic but indigenous to their language.[58]Tobaski (var :Tabaski) was an ancient Serer hunting festival;Gamo was an ancient Serer divination festival;Korite [from the Serer wordkor[59]] was a male initiation rite;Weri Kor was the season (or month) Serer males went through theirinitiation rites.Gamo (comes from the old Serer wordGamahou, variation :Gamohou). "Eid al kabir" or "eidul adha" (which are Arabic) are different from SererTobaski, but theSenegambian MuslimsloanedTobaski from Serer religion to describe "Eid al Kabir".Gamo also derives from Serer religion.[60][61] The Arabic word for it is "Mawlid" or "Mawlid an-Nabi" (which celebrates the birth of Muhammad).Weri Kor (the month of fasting, "Ramadan" in Arabic) andKoriteh orKorité ("Aïd-el-fitr" in Arabic which celebrates the end of the month of fasting) also comes from theSerer language.
The dead, especially those from the upper echelons of society, weremummified in order to prepare them for the afterlife (Jaaniiw). They were accompanied bygrave goods including gold, silver, metal, theirarmour and other personal objects. Mummification is less common now, especially post-independence.[62][50][63][64]The dead were buried in a pyramid shaped tomb.[50][65]
The Serergriots play a vital and religious role on the death of a Serer King. On the death of a Serer king, theFara Lamb Sine (the chief griot in the SererKingdom of Sine) would bury his treasured drum (thejunjung) with the king. His other drums would be played for the last time before their burial in the ground facing east. The griots then chant ancient songs marked by sadness and praise for the departed king. The last time this ceremony occurred was on 8 March 1969 following the death of the last king of Sine –Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (Serer:Maye Koor Juuf).[66]
The cult of the Upright Stone, such as theSenegambian stone circles, which were probably built by the Serer,[69][70][71][72] were also a place of worship.Lateritemegaliths were carved, planted, and directed towards the sky.[73][74][75]
One of the most importantcosmological stars of theSerer people is calledYoonir. The "Star of Yoonir" is part of the Serer cosmos. It is very important and sacred and just one of many religious symbols in Serer religion andcosmology. It is the brightest star in the night sky,Sirius. With an ancient heritage of farming, "Yoonir" is very important and sacred in Serer religion,[77][78] because it announces the beginning of flooding and enables Serer farmers to start planting seeds. TheDogon people ofMali call it"Sigui", whilst in Serer it is called"Yoonir"[79] – represented in the form of the"Pangool" (interceders withRoog – the Supreme Deity) and"Man". It is before this event where the Serer High Priests and Priestesses known asSaltigue gather at theXooy annual divination ceremony where they predict the course of the winter months among other things relevant to the lives of theSerer people.[80][81] ThePangool (singular :Fangool) are ancestral spirits (also ancient Serer Saints in Serer religion) represented by snakes.
The peak of the Star (top point) represents the Supreme Deity (Roog). The other four points represent thecardinal points of theUniverse. The crossing of the lines ("bottom left" and "top right" and "top left and bottom right") pinpoints the axis of the Universe, that all energies pass. The top point is "the point of departure and conclusion, the origin and the end".[68] Among the Serers who cannot read or write theLatin alphabet, it is very common for them to sign official documents with the Star of Yoonir, as the Star also represents "good fortune and destiny".[68]
While most Serers converted to Islam andChristianity (specificallyRoman Catholic), their conversion was aftercolonization. They and theJola people were the last to convert to these religions.[82][83]Many still follow the Serer religion especially in the ancientKingdom of Sine withSenegal andthe Gambia being predominantly Muslim countries.[82][83]
The Serers have also battled many prominent African Islamicjihadists over the centuries. Some of those likeMaba Diakhou Bâ is considered a national hero and given a saint like status bySenegambian Muslims. He himself was killed in battle fighting against the Serer King of Sine –Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof on 18 July 1867 atThe Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune commonly known as The Battle of Somb.[84][85]
At the surprise attacks of Naodorou, Kaymor and Ngaye, where the Serers were defeated, they killed themselves rather than be conquered by the Muslim forces. In these 19th-century IslamicMarabout wars, many of the Serers villagers committed martyrdom, including jumping to their deaths at the Well of Tahompa.[86] In Serer religion, suicide is only permitted if it satisfies the Serer principle ofJom (also spelt"Joom" which literally means "honour"[87] in theSerer language) – a code of beliefs and values that govern Serer lives.[88][89]
Senegal portal
Gambia portal
Traditional African religion portal
Religion portal.svg)
Africa portal
Mauritania portal