From August 1990 to November 1991, during thebreakup of Yugoslavia, severalSerb Autonomous Regions,[1][2]Districts[3] (literallyOblasts;sing.Serbian:Српска аутономна област (САО) /Srpska autonomnaoblast (SAO)) were proclaimed in the Yugoslav republics ofCroatia andBosnia-Herzegovina in light of the possible secession of the republics from theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. These were autonomousSerb-inhabited entities that subsequently united in their respective republic to form theRepublic of Serbian Krajina in Croatia and theRepublika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The so-calledanti-bureaucratic revolution ofSerbian leaderSlobodan Milošević aimed at strengthening of Yugoslav federal institutions triggered condemnations and separatist response inSlovenia andCroatia. This in turn provokedsecurity dilemma among at the time numerousSerbs of Croatia community which strongly opposed any move towards Croatian independence if it will separate them from the other parts of Yugoslavia. The dilemma was rooted in historical experience of theGenocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia stirred up by rising Serb and Croat nationalism. Croatian Serb political leaders of the nationalistSerb Democratic Party advocated for thepartition of Croatia in case of independence which would enable Serb inhabited areas to remain in Yugoslavia.
Croatian Serb politicianJovan Rašković argued for the creation of the "integral region" by bringing together predominantly Serb municipalities in Croatia into an Association of Municipalities which would act as one of the first-level administrative units within the republic.[4] While the Croatian legal system at the time formally permitted such a form of municipal organization the move was perceived as highly controversial and led to some of the first clashes.[4]
The first such association was formed around the town ofKnin leading to the establishment ofSAO Krajina on 21 December 1990.SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia was formed on 25 June 1991 whileSAO Western Slavonia was formed on 12 August 1991. On 19 December 1991, the SAO Krajina proclaimed itself theRepublic of Serbian Krajina with SAO Western Slavonia and SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia joining it subsequently. At that stage the self-proclaimed autonomy was transformed into request for full independence with political leadership subsequently rejecting any autonomy proposal with notable case includingZ-4 Plan. At the same time both theGovernment of Croatia and international mediators now contemplated peace settlements that would indeed include the establishment of some sort of predominantly Serb autonomous regions within Croatia. With the creation of newCroatian counties on 30 December 1992, the Croatian government also set aside two autonomous regions (kotar) for ethnic Serbs in the areas of Krajina known as theAutonomous District of Glina andAutonomous District of Knin.[5] AfterOperation Storm, the application of the law which allowed autonomy would be temporarily suspended.[6] In 2000 this part of the law was formally repealed.[7]
The process of creation of the self-proclaimed Serb Autonomous Regions in Croatia included inter-ethnic clashes and violence as well as widespreadethnic cleansing of non-Serb population from the areas that those regions ended up controlling. Some of the highest ranking political and military leaders involved in this process were prosecuted by theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for their direct or command responsibility for a number ofwar crimes committed. In the effort to preserve the peace in the regionEuropean Community limited the recognition of post-Yugoslav entities exclusively to previously established Yugoslav federal units (republics) in their administrative borders and explicitly discouraged it in case of any new secessionist region while at the same time it conditioned recognition of republics with credible minority rights guarantees.[8] Serb Autonomous Regions in Croatia therefore failed to ever gain any formal international recognition.
TheSerb Democratic Party established SAOs in Serb-inhabited territories. Between September–November 1991, six entities had been proclaimed.[9] The Serbs set up their own parliament, having left the Bosnian parliament in October 1991. The Serb parliament proclaimed the "Serb Republic" (Republika Srpska) on 27 March 1992.
