The effects of theSeptember 11 attacks of the previous year had a significant impact on the affairs of 2002. Thewar on terror was a major political focus. Without settledinternational law, several nations engaged in anti-terror operations, and human rights concerns arose surrounding the treatment of suspected terrorists. Elsewhere, theColombian conflict and theNepalese Civil War represented some of the most severe militant conflicts, while theconflict between India and Pakistan was the only one between two sovereign nations. Religious tensions permeated the year, including violence between Hindus and Muslims in India duringviolent riots and other attacks and attacks on Jews in response to theSecond Intifada. TheCatholic Church grappled with scrutiny amidsexual abuse cases.
East Timor was established as a new sovereign nation, and theAfrican Union began operating as a new intergovernmental organization. TheInternational Criminal Court was founded in July. The global economy was stagnant as it slowly moved past theearly 2000s recession. South America enduredan economic crisis, and the telecommunications and information technology industries faced their own economic declines. TheEuro was introduced as a new currency at the beginning of the year.
The year 2002 was the second hottest on record at the time. Eruptions ofMount Nyiragongo severely affected surrounding populations in central Africa. The discovery ofQuaoar in October challenged the conventional definition of a planet.Small RNA was discovered in 2002, and the human ancestorSahelanthropus was first described.
Theworld population on January 1, 2002, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people, and it increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2003.[1] An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2002.[1] The average globallife expectancy was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2001.[1] The rate ofchild mortality was 7.05%, a decrease of 0.27pp from 2001.[2] 26.85% of people were living inextreme poverty, a decrease of 1.40pp from 2000.[3]
The number of global refugees was approximately 12 million at the beginning of 2002, but it declined to 10.3 million by the end of the year. Approximately 2.4 million refugees were repatriated in 2002, of which 2 million were Afghan. 293,000 additional refugees were displaced in 2002, primarily from Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Somalia, Ivory Coast, and the Central African Republic.[4]
There were 31 recognized armed conflicts in 2002, a net decrease from the previous year: seven conflicts ended in 2001, while conflicts in Angola, Congo, and Ivory Coast began or resumed in 2002.[5] The deadliest conflicts in 2002 were those in Burundi, Colombia, Kashmir, Nepal, and Sudan.[5] Among developed nations in 2002, national defense shifted towardcounterterrorism after theSeptember 11 attacks and theinvasion of Afghanistan the previous year. Conflicts in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Israel, and the Philippines were directly related to counteringIslamic terrorism.[6]: 87
TheColombian conflict escalated after far-left insurgents occupieddemilitarized zones and kidnappedÍngrid Betancourt, effectively ending peace talks. The insurgents began bombing cities, and over 200,000 Colombians were displaced by the conflict in 2002.[6]: 91–92
TheNepalese Civil War escalated in 2002, with casualties approximately equaling the combined totals from 1996 to 2001; half of this increase was civilian casualties, as civilians were targeted by both the Nepali government and the communist insurgents.[6]: 88–89 Chechen insurgents in Russia escalated their attacks during theSecond Chechen War,destroying a RussianMil Mi-26 in August and causing ahostage crisis in Moscow.[6]: 93–94 TheSecond Liberian Civil War also escalated, causing widespread displacement of civilians.[7]: 90
Conflicts that saw some form of resolution in 2002 include theEelam War III in Sri Lanka, which was halted with a ceasefire agreement in February,[6]: 98 and theAngolan Civil War, which was resolved in April with a ceasefire between the Angolan government andUNITA.[7]: 89 Internationally brokered peace talks advanced in theSecond Sudanese Civil War,[6]: 102 some factions of theSomali Civil War,[6]: 106 and theSecond Congo War, with the latter producing an agreement on December 17 to createa Congolese transitional government.[6]: 100–101 Afghanistan underwent its first year without direct military conflict in over two decades, though sporadic attacks were carried out by theTaliban insurgency andal-Qaeda.[7]: 256 An agreement was reached with the government of Burundi and theCNDD-FDD on December 3, but the other major faction in Burundi, thePalipehutu-FNL, did not participate in peace talks.[5]
The largest attack on civilians in 2002 wasa series of bombings inBali that killed or injured hundreds on October 12, with Australian tourists making up a large portion of the victims.[8]: 228 Major attacks alsotook place in Kenya on November 28, bombing Israeli citizens at a hotel and making a failed attempt to shoot down an airplane boarded by Israelis.[9]: 385 The Washington D.C. area was the subject ofseveral sniper attacks the same month, killing ten people. Europe underwent a large number ofmass shootings throughout the year, includingan attack on a town council meeting in France on March 27 that killed eight councilors anda school shooting in Germany on April 26—one of the deadliest in the world with 18 fatalities.[8]: 229
The only direct conflict between nations in 2002 was theIndia–Pakistan standoff in Kashmir,[5] beginning in late 2001. This conflict was primarily one ofbrinkmanship, with the threat ofnuclear warfare.[6]: 88 Riots in Gujarat and suicide bombings inJammu further escalated tensions.[10]: 87
TheSecond Intifada continued in 2002 between theIsrael Defense Forces and Palestinian paramilitary groups with an escalation in violence. Palestinian suicide bombings became coordinated to maximize the number of civilian casualties, while the Israeli military killed approximately twice as many Palestinians in retaliation.[10]: 73 In response to the suicide bombings, Israel carried outOperation Defensive Shield in March.[7]: 413 Under this operation, Israel occupied much ofWest Bank,[7]: 413 and it and briefly held Palestinian presidentYasser Arafat under house arrest.[6]: 95 TheBattle of Jenin was particularly destructive, with theUnited Nations finding both parties to be irresponsible regardingcollateral damage.[6]: 96
Economic downturn in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks limited the art industry in 2002. Organizations were less willing to givepatronage, and tourists were less willing to visit art exhibitions and museums, particularly in New York and the Middle East.[9]: 502 TheDocumenta11 exhibition took place inKassel, Germany, contributing to the early movement of art globalization with its focus on experimental and documentary works from developing nations. Traditional visual art was mostly replaced by film and photography at the exhibition.[9]: 503 [11] Critically acclaimed paintings in 2002 includeThe Upper Room, a collection of paintings byChris Ofili based on a drawing of a monkey byAndy Warhol,[12] andDispersion, an abstract work byJulie Mehretu.[13]
Costa Rica was celebrated for an advance infree speech when it abolished criminal penalties for insulting public officials.[8]: 275 Radio in India became more popular in 2002 following deregulation, with five major stations inMumbai breaking thestate monopoly in April and with significant increases in the sales of car and pocket radios.Good Morning Afghanistan began airing to provide the Afghan people real-time updates on the nation's political situation, whileRadio Liberty was expelled from Russia in October.[8]: 272 An expected recovery of the newspaper industry did not materialize in 2002 as digital media became more common, resulting in significant cutbacks.[8]: 273 The magazine industry faced similar challenges, as well as a separate controversy when the February 11 issue ofNewsweek International was banned throughout theMuslim world for itsdepiction of Muhammed.[8]: 275
TheBritish Library digitized a 700-year-old edition of theQuran, and the U.S.Library of Congress made high resolution scans of aGutenberg Bible for closer study of Gutenberg's printing methods. Library services faced multiple disruptions in 2002. Strikes by librarians affected operations in both the United Kingdom and the United States, while funding shortages led to cutbacks in Germany, South Africa, and the United States.[8]: 233
The2002 Winter Olympics were held inSalt Lake City, with Norway winning the most gold medals.Allegations that a judge was bribed to favor Russia in afigure skating event led to France and Russia both receiving gold medals in the event.[9]: 515 [27] The2002 Commonwealth Games were held inManchester.[9]: 516 The2002 FIFA World Cup was held in Japan and South Korea, and it ended with a 2–0 victory by Brazil over Germany. The traditionally well-performing teams of Argentina, France, and Italy did not meet expectations, while Senegal, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States performed better than they had historically.[9]: 513
TheEuro became the official currency of theEuropean Union on January 1, 2002.
International trade increased by 1.9% in 2002, correcting from a decrease in 2001.[29]: 11 Most countries experienced only limited growth of output and employment in the year, and economic policy within the largest economies focused primarily on combatinginflation.[29]: 1 Thegross world product increased by 1.7%, the second lowest growth in a decade after that of 2001.[29]: 2 Most developed nations began 2002 in abudget surplus and ended in a deficit.[29]: 8 TheEuro, a single official currency for the nations of theEuropean Union, was introduced on January 1.[9]: 6
Theearly 2000s recession began to stabilize in the final months of the year.[29]: 1 Growth was focused in the first half of the year before tapering in the second half[29]: 35 as stock markets entered into adownturn.[30] By October, global equities saw a 24% decrease in 2002.[8]: 185 Particularly affected wasAOL-Time Warner, with its stocks losing 65% of their value by the fall.[10]: 100 The information technology industry in particular saw major decline in 2002[8]: 170 before it began its recovery from thedot-com crash that had previously affected it.[9]: 458 The telecommunications industry was affected even more severely.[8]: 176
The price drops associated with the September 11 attacks persisted for several months into 2002.[29]: 7 Apprehensions about potential military conflict in Iraq also limited growth.[8]: 185 Latin American economies with large deficits wereseverely affected by lower prices, limiting export growth and preventing capital from entering the region, requiring further increases to the deficit.[29]: 3 The region overall saw a negative GDP in 2002.[29]: 4 Imports grew significantly in East Asia, with China competing with the United States as one of the largest export markets for other countries in the region.[29]: 12 Imports in Latin America and Africa decreased compared to the previous year.[29]: 13
The United States recovered in part from the recession that had affected the Western world, while Europe's recovery was more limited.[9]: 10 South America saw significant economic challenges:Argentina's economic crisis continued from 2001, Brazil had low confidence in its economy, and Venezuela's economy suffered amid political upheaval.[9]: 13 Unlike the Western world, Eastern Europe and Asia showed strong growth in 2002.[9]: 11 Africa did not share this growth, as it also experienced a weak economy during the year.[9]: 14
Several companies, predominantly in the United States, underwent major scandals in 2002. These included theWorldCom scandal that led to what was then the largest bankruptcy in American history, and accounting scandals emerging from the previous year'sEnron scandal.[30]: 92–93 Xerox and the French companyVivendi were found to be reporting artificially inflated profits.[8]: 186 Others incidents included theImClone stock trading case and fraud cases atAdelphia andTyco. These scandals brought the arrests of several high-profile executives,[10] negatively affected public trust in corporate accounting,[8]: 185 and increased the volatility of global stock markets.[8]: 186
2002 was the second hottest year on record, exceeded only by1998.[31] There was below average precipitation in 2002, with droughts inAustralia, northern China,India, andwestern United States.[31] Heavy rains in late 2002 caused significant flooding in eastern Asia[31] andin central Europe.[10]: 77 The effects of theAsian brown cloud were documented in August by theUnited Nations Environment Programme, warning of severe agricultural and meteorological effects in Afghanistan, northwestern India, and Pakistan.[8]: 184 February saw the collapse of theLarsen B ice shelf, a 12,000-year-old ice shelf in Antarctica with an area of 3,265 km2 (1,260 sq mi).[8]: 387
The thirdGlobal Environment Outlook report was published in May.[9]: 465 TheWorld Summit on Sustainable Development was held inJohannesburg beginning on August 26. A number of proposals were endorsed in the summit, though environmentalists criticized the United States for not supporting stronger measures.[8]: 209 The European Union ratified theKyoto Protocol, while China and Russia announced their intent to do so. Australia and the United States rejected the protocol.[8]: 211 The war in Afghanistan caused widespread environmental issues, with forests destroyed, wildlife poached by refugees,[8]: 213 and theKabul Zoo requiring international support.[8]: 215 TheKitulo National Park was established in Tanzania to preserve the endemic orchid species.[8]: 239
Efforts to promotecarbon sequestration were mixed in 2002. An experiment to study whether there were risks of pollution was shuttered following pressure from environmentalist groups such asGreenpeace and theWorld Wide Fund for Nature, butStatoil reported success in a six-year-long experiment in theNorth Sea later in the year.[8]: 212
The January eruption ofMount Nyiragongo brought destruction toGoma, prompting an evacuation of 400,000 people, with 12,000 finding themselves homeless with damage across 14 villages.[8]: 182 Amajor oil spill took place off the coast ofGalicia, Spain, when theMVPrestige ruptured and sank in November.[10]: 87 The deadliest earthquake in 2002 wasa 6.1-magnitude earthquake that struck northern Afghanistan on March 25, killing approximately 1,000 people.[32]A 6.5 magnitude earthquake in Iran killed approximately 200 people the following June.[8]: 182 North America saw one of its most intense earthquakes whena 7.9 magnitude earthquake struck Alaska on November 3, but the remote location prevented any fatalities.[8]: 181
The2002 Atlantic hurricane season saw 12named storms, a near-average number. Most of them were relatively minor, with only 4 four becoming hurricanes, of which two attained major hurricane status. The season's activity was limited to between July and October, a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The two major hurricanes,Hurricane Isidore andHurricane Lili, both made landfall in Cuba and the United States, and combined were responsible for most of the season's damages and deaths.[33] The2002 Pacific typhoon season entailed a typical number of typhoons, but they were above average in intensity with 46% of typhoons reaching "intense strength".Typhoon Rusa was the deadliest typhoon in 2002, killing at least 113 people in South Korea.[34]
TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) recognized "reducing risks" and "promoting healthy life" as its health concern of focus in the 2002World Health Report.[35] Global food supplies reduced in 2002 amid droughts and drops in harvest yields.[8]: 146 Famines occurred in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[9]: 6 Eritrea, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland were also heavily affected by insufficient food.[8]: 146 The fishing industry was not affected, increasing slightly from previous years.[8]: 149 Nigeria and the Philippines took steps toward establishing national healthcare systems.[8]: 311
A 2001ebola outbreak in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo continued through 2002.[8]: 221 The United States and the Dutch companyCrucell collaborated to begin development on an ebola vaccine in response.[8]: 222 The year's increased focus on terrorism, particularly after the2001 anthrax attacks, prompted many countries to invest in vaccines, antibiotics, and antivirals as a precaution againstbioterrorism.[8]: 221 Renewed attention was brought to the case of family doctorHarold Shipman when it was announced in July that he had killed 200 other people under his care beyond the 15 for which he was prosecuted.[8]: 232
Hamid Karzai (right) is elected president of Afghanistan
East Timor became a sovereign nation in 2002.[9]: 1 It was one of two nations, along with Switzerland, to join theUnited Nations in September.[8]: 382 Brazil, Lesotho, and Senegal established democracy in 2002 through the acceptance of fair elections, while Bahrain and Kenya moved toward democracy through the strengthening of political institutions. Democracy was disestablished in Ivory Coast and Togo following mass political violence and unfair elections, respectively.[36]: 14
The United States was not reelected to its membership on theUnited Nations Commission on Human Rights for the first time, leaving it unable to fulfill its usual role of seeking action against alleged cases of systemic human rights violations around the world.[8]: 381 Afghanistan underwent significantliberalization under atransitional government following end of major fighting in theWar in Afghanistan, particularly in the capital ofKabul, though distant regions of the country remained oppressed by warlords.[36]: 15 Civil rights also increased following the end of conflicts in Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia.[36]: 15–16 Turkey lessened its restrictions on the country'sKurdish population in 2002.[36]: 16 The majority ofGibraltar's population engaged in protests when the British government considered delivering partial control of the territory to Spain; this culminated witha referendum that rejected the move.[8]: 385
A wave ofsocial pension reform took place in European nations, with Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, and Switzerland all in various phases of implementation. Similar reforms took place in Japan and Singapore.[8]: 309–311 Anti-globalization protests took place during the SeptemberWorld Bank–IMF meeting in Washington, D.C.[8]: 314
The prosecution of former Yugoslavian presidentSlobodan Milošević began in February,[8]: 225 but it was delayed and the genocide portion of the charges against him was dropped.[10]: 86 Biljana Plavšić, the former president ofRepublika Srpska, plead guilty to crimes against humanity in a related case.[8]: 225 In August, theInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda saw the arrests of nine more people accused of genocide, including army chief of staffAugustin Bizimungu. Efforts failed to create a similar tribunal in Cambodia to prosecuteKhmer Rouge.[8]: 226 United Nations peacekeeping missions concluded in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Prevlaka, reducing its Balkan presence to Kosovo.[8]: 381
Former military dictator of ArgentinaLeopoldo Galtieri was arrested in July for his actions in theDirty War. Two generals from theSalvadoran Civil War were found liable for torture in an American court, and they were ordered to pay $54.6 million in damages.[8]: 282 A major espionage case in the United States ended in May withRobert Hanssen sentenced to life in prison for spying on behalf of the Soviet Union.[8]: 232 Serbia and Montenegro abolished capital punishment to qualify for entry to theCouncil of Europe, and Turkey did so to garner support for its incorporation into the European Union. Prisoners in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Turkey engaged in deadly strikes and riots in response to poor conditions in 2002.[8]: 232
Terrorism dominated politics internationally in 2002, with both terrorist acts and attempts to declare groups as terrorist organizations being prevalent throughout the year.Islamic terrorism was widely seen as responsible for terrorist attacks throughout the year. In response, the United States began providing military assistance against terrorists in several countries as part ofOperation Enduring Freedom.[9]: 2 International law regarding these actions had yet to be settled, and international organizations spent the year debating how action against terrorist groups should be carried out.[9]: 469
Pakistan arrested al-Qaeda operativeRamzi bin al-Shibh in September on suspicions of involvement in the September 11 attacks and extradited him to the United States. The United States arrested an addition fifteen suspects across several states for involvement in the preparation of future terrorist attacks.[8]: 228 Anti-terrorism actions by the United States, including thearbitrary arrest and deportation of non-citizens andindefinite detention of suspected terrorists captured in Afghanistan, were condemned as human rights violations.[8]: 314 American treatment of prisoners in the war on terror came under scrutiny, particularly inCamp X-Ray in theGuantanamo Bay detention camp.[8]: 232 China and Russia invoked anti-terrorism to take actions against theirUyghur andChechen minorities, respectively.[8]: 315
Australia, Russia, and the United States all declared a right topreemptive strikes against foreign terrorist groups in 2002.[8]: 278 George W. Bush defined an "axis of evil" inan address in January, naming Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as foreign adversaries of the United States.Increasing tensions between Iraq and the United States became a major geopolitical issue in 2002 amidsuspicions that Iraq had resumedits production of weapons of mass destruction. The United Nations deliveredan ultimatum for Iraq to comply with weapons inspections in late 2002.[37] Because of this dispute, as well Hussein's involvement with terrorist groups amid thewar on terror, aninvasion of Iraq by the United States was widely expected.[10]: 66–71
Religious violence was prevalent in 2002. Hindu–Muslim relations were strained in India, most prominently by Muslim attack on a Hindu train car in February that led toweeks of deadly riots inGujarat. Unrest from the Second Intifada led to widespread attacks on Jews throughout the world, and Christians in Pakistan faced several attacks throughout the year.[8]: 301
TheCatholic Church sexual abuse scandal continued from 2001; the church adopted rules on how to address sexual abuse allegations on January 8, andPope John Paul II made his second papal statement on the matter on March 22.[9]: 448 TheCatholic Church created four new Russian dioceses in February, resulting in protests by members of theRussian Orthodox Church.[8]: 302 Belarus made theBelarusian Orthodox Church into the state's legally recognized religion, curtailing practice of other religions.[9]: 449 TheChurch of England determined in July that divorcees could marry in the church. Then in December, the church saw its first leader in centuries from outside its own membership when the WelshRowan Williams was confirmed asArchbishop of Canterbury.[9]: 447
Islam grappled with the aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacks in 2002, facing both the expansion ofIslamic terrorism and of United States military action in combating it.[9]: 450 Orthodox Judaism was the subject of several disputes with the Israeli government throughout the year, including the exemption of Orthodox Jews from military service and recognition of non-Orthodox conversions in the population registry.[8]: 303
The relationship between religion and education shifted in several nations in 2002. The removal of the Taliban from power allowed girls to attend school in Afghanistan for the first time, and textbooks funded by the United States included images of women. Pakistan introduced a law to regulate Islamicmadrasa schools under pressure from Western nations, but it saw backlash from the schools. State-fundedfaith schools became a polarizing issue when the government suggested increasing their number. TheSupreme Court of the United Statesruled thatschool vouchers allowed students to seek religious education.[8]: 204–205
The discovery of a largetrans-Neptunian object,Quaoar, prompted reconsideration of how to define a planet, including doubts about whetherPluto should be considered a planet.[8]: 264 Study with theCosmic Background Imager revealed a more detailed image ofcosmic background radiation, and telescopes were able to counteract the scattering effect of Earth's atmosphere throughadaptive optics.[38] The largest known volcanic eruption in the solar system was discovered on the moonIo in November 2002, using imaging that had been taken in February 2001.[8]: 183 The youngest knownpulsar was discovered in 2002, originating froma supernova documented in 1181.[8]: 266
The September 11 attacks of the previous year caused a shift in focus among cultural anthropologists in 2002 toward the study of violence in society.[8]: 151
The discovery of theToumaï fossil(pictured) led to the discovery ofSahelanthropus.
New species of animals described in 2002 include therupicolous gerbil, thelesser Congo shrew, and thebald parrot.[8]: 215 The rediscovery ofBavarian pine voles was announced in Austria after being thought extinct in the 1960s.[9]: 467 Several paleological discoveries in China strong evidence supporting a relation betweentheropods and birds.[8]: 241 The hominid ancestorSahelanthropus was identified in 2002 from fossils found in Chad.[8]: 150 A new genus ofconifer in Vietnam,Xanthocyparis, was described.[8]: 239
Genome sequences were completed forindica rice and for the malaria carriersanopheles gambiae andplasmodium falciparum.[9]: 456–457 [38] Scientists at theSan Diego Zoo successfully created cloned egg cells for the endangeredbanteng by applying its DNA to egg cells from cows.[8]: 216 Scientists in the United States announced in July that they had reconstructed apoliovirus specimen using its genetic sequence.[8]: 221
Two experiments in 2002 were successful in producing plants from old seeds: a lotus plant was grown from a 500-year-old seed, and two other plants were grown after their seeds were bottled and laid dormant since 1879.[8]: 239 A newherbicide was discovered by extracting thecatechin toxin of thespotted knapweed.[8]: 238 Controversy aboutgenetically modified crops increased when it was discovered that pest-resistant genes can be transferred toweeds and that crops resistant to some pests can become more vulnerable to others.[8]: 238
Other biology developments from 2002 include an understanding ofTRP channels in taste, the role of light in acircadian rhythm, and the development of3D imagery of cells.[38] Major advances in the development and application ofstem cells triggered an ethics debate that defined the field, in part because stem cells were commonly developed from the humanfetus.[8]: 239–240 Study of hormones led to the identification of two related to appetite:ghrelin to encourage eating andpeptide YY to discourage it.[8]: 223
Theopen-source-software movement saw growth throughout the year, in part because of Microsoft's success in avoiding tighter regulations in court.[9]: 458 China blockedGoogle Search andAltaVista in August,[8]: 233 provoking ahacktivist movement in the United States that worked to circumvent such restrictions in authoritarian nations.[8]: 175 Some parts of Google were restored on September 12.[8]: 233 New developments inpeer-to-peer sharing allowed decentralizedfile sharing between computers, causing a proliferation ofonline piracy.Blogging also became a common practice in 2002.[9]: 460 Klez was acomputer worm that spread extensively in 2002 before public awareness limited its effectiveness.[8]: 175 Hybrid vehicles first saw widespread popularity in 2002.[10]: 94–95
January 1 – TheEuro is introduced as the official physical currency in theEurozone countries.[41] The first physical transactions are carried out onRéunion. The former currencies of all the countries that use the Euro cease to be legal tender on February 28.[42]
June 30 – 2002 FIFA World Cup: Brazil beats Germany 2–0 in the2002 FIFA World Cup Final withRonaldo scoring the two goals; Brazil's captainCafu, who becomes the first player to appear in three successive World Cup finals, accepts the trophy on behalf of the team.[114]
September 27 –East Timor is admitted to theUnited Nations as the 191st member state;[138] it also changes its official longform name from "Democratic Republic of East Timor" to "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste".
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^"2002 Statistics summary".The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. June 20, 2003.Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. RetrievedMarch 28, 2023.
^abcPhipps, Keith; Rabin, Nathan; Tobias, Scott (January 15, 2003)."The Year In Film: 2002".The A.V. Club.Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. RetrievedMarch 29, 2023.
^Carroll, Matt; Pfeiffer, Sacha; Rezendes, Michael; Robinson, Walter V. (January 6, 2002)."Church allowed abuse by priest for years".The Boston Globe.Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. RetrievedMarch 12, 2023.
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^Rey, J. C. (2002),"Consideraciones políticas sobre un insólito golpe de Estado"Archived 3 January 2009 at theWayback Machine, pp. 1–16; cited in Cannon (2004:296); "In 2002, Venezuela's military and some of its business leaders ousted President Chavez from power and held him hostage." (N. Scott Cole (2007), "Hugo Chávez and President Bush's credibility gap: The struggle against US democracy promotion",International Political Science Review, 28(4), p498)
^abYusuf, Moeed (2018).Brokering Peace in Nuclear Environments: U.S. Crisis Management in South Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 83–84.ISBN978-1-5036-0655-5.
^International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (September 9, 2002).DPR Korea: Typhoon Rusa Information Bulletin No. 2/2002 (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. RetrievedJuly 31, 2012.
^Guy Carpenter (January 30, 2003).Tropical Cyclone Review 2002(PDF) (Report). Marsh & McLennan Companies. p. 21. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 6, 2012. RetrievedJuly 25, 2012.
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