Semiramide
Opera byGioachino Rossini
Joséphine Fodor as Semiramide for the Paris performance in 1825
Librettist	Gaetano Rossi
Language	Italian
Based on	Semiramis byVoltaire
Premiere	3 February 1823 (1823-02-03) La Fenice, Venice

Semiramide (Italian pronunciation:[semiˈraːmide]) is anopera in two acts byGioachino Rossini.Thelibretto byGaetano Rossi is based onVoltaire's tragedySemiramis, which in turn was based on the legend ofSemiramis ofAssyria.^[1][2] The opera was first performed atLa Fenice in Venice on 3 February 1823.

Semiramide was Rossini's final Italian opera and according to Richard Osborne, "could well be dubbedTancredi Revisited".^[3] As inTancredi, Rossi's libretto was based on a Voltaire tragedy. The music took the form of a return to vocal traditions of Rossini's youth, and was a melodrama in which he "recreated the baroque tradition of decorative singing with unparalleled skill".^[4] The ensemble-scenes (particularly the duos between Arsace and Semiramide) and choruses are of a high order, as is the orchestral writing, which makes full use of a large pit.

After this splendid work, one of his finest in the genre, Rossini turned his back on Italy and moved to Paris. Apart fromIl viaggio a Reims, which is still in Italian, his last operas were either original compositions in French or extensively reworked adaptations into French of earlier Italian operas.

MusicologistRodolfo Celletti sums up the importance ofSemiramide by stating that it "was the last opera of the great Baroque tradition: the most beautiful, the most imaginative, possibly the most complete; but also, irremediably, the last."^[5]

After making his mark with a number of brilliant comic operas (most notablyIl barbiere di Siviglia,La Cenerentola,Il turco in Italia, andL'italiana in Algeri), Rossini turned more and more to serious opera (opere serie). During the years 1813 (when Rossini composedTancredi) until 1822 he wrote a considerable series of them, mostly for theTeatro di San Carlo, Naples.

One reason for his new interest in the serious genre was his connection with the greatdramatic sopranoIsabella Colbran, who was first his mistress, then his wife. She created the leading female roles inElisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra (1815),Otello (1816),Armida (1817),Mosè in Egitto (1818),Maometto II (1820), and five other Rossini operas up to and including his final contribution to the genre,Semiramide, which was also written with Colbran in the major role.

Work began with the librettist in October 1822, composer and librettist taking Voltaire's story and making significant changes. Actual composition took Rossini 33 days to complete the score.^[6]

Following its premiere, the opera was given twenty-eight times^[7] for the rest of the season in Venice (and, at some point, for four nights in a row)^[8] and it went on to presentations throughout Italy and Europe, including Paris in 1825, Milan in 1829 and 1831, and Vienna in 1830. It reached London on 15 July 1824, was given its US premiere at the St. Charles Theatre in New Orleans on 1 May 1837, but it took until 3 January 1845, before it was performed in New York.^[7]

Other prima donnas emerged in the major roles by about 1825, since Colbran's vocal powers had greatly diminished by the time of the Venice premiere performances and she "was in no state to ever sing the role again".^[9] For 25 years after 1830,Giulia Grisi triumphed in the role notably inSt Petersburg in 1849 and New York in 1854.

By the late 1800s, the opera had virtually disappeared from the repertoire. However, it was chosen in 1880 to inaugurate the Teatro Costanzi, new venue of theRome Opera company, and appeared as part of the Cincinnati Opera Festival 1882 which was attended byOscar Wilde and which featured the famous divaAdelina Patti who chose the aria "Bel raggio lusinghiero" for her farewell performance.^[10] TheMetropolitan Opera revivedSemiramide in 1892, 1894 (withNellie Melba), and 1895.

It took until 1932 until the opera was again revived (in a German translation) inRostock, and it then reappeared underTullio Serafin at the 1940Maggio Musicale Fiorentino.

Presentations atLa Scala in Milan in December 1962 withJoan Sutherland andGiulietta Simionato required the re-assembly of the entire score from the Rossini autograph, since no other texts were known to exist.^[11]

MusicologistPhilip Gossett noted that between 1962 and 1990 "some seventy opera houses have included the work in one or more seasons".^[11] A major revival at theAix-en-Provence Festival in 1980 was directed byPier Luigi Pizzi and featuredMontserrat Caballé in the title role withMarilyn Horne as Arsace.^[12] The same staging was then billed in sequence by theTeatro Carlo Felice in Genoa^[13] and by theTeatro Regio in Turin^[14] which had co-produced it, starring respectivelyLella Cuberli/Martine Dupuy andKatia Ricciarelli/Lucia Valentini Terrani. It was not until the Met's 1990 revival after almost 100 years that a production based on a new critical edition was mounted. It alternated Lella Cuberli andJune Anderson in the title role with Marilyn Horne again as Arsace.^[15] Among other performances, the work was given by theRossini in Wildbad Festival in 2012, which was recorded withAlex Penda in the title role.^[16] In November 2017, the Royal Opera House, London, mounted its first production of the opera since the 1890s, withJoyce DiDonato in the title role.^[17]

Time: Antiquity^[18] or "Some 2,000 Years before the Christian era"^[19]

Place:Babylon

Overture

Semiramide has its own overture, which was almost certainly composed last. Unlike many operatic overtures of the day, it borrowed musical ideas from the opera itself, thus making it unsuitable for use with another score. The range and balance of musical ideas, from the hushed, rhythmic opening through the Andantino for four horns (drawn from the opera itself) and the repetition with pizzicatocountermelodies in the strings to the lively allegro, make the overture toSemiramide one of Rossini's finest contributions to the genre and deservedly one of the most popular.

Temple of Baal, Babylon

The High Priest Oroe invites all to enter the temple, and Babylonians (along with others from abroad, including Idreno the Indian King) do so carrying offerings toBaal. Assur states that the day has come for the Queen to choose a successor and he reminds all of his own valour. Idreno expresses surprise at Assur's aspirations and all express their individual concerns and fears.

Semiramide enters to the acclaim of all, but Idreno and Assur individually speculate as to who will be chosen. They press the queen to announce her decision, but at the same time Semiramide herself is fearful about making that decision, especially as she appears to be expecting someone's arrival. Suddenly, the temple is plunged into darkness and there is general consternation amidst fears of its imminent collapse. All desert the temple.

Arsace, a young warrior fromScythia, enters. He has been told by his dying father to go to the temple in Babylon, and he was also urgently sent for by Semiramide. He brings with him a casket belonging to his father, but he is puzzled as to why he has been called back to Babylon. He declares his love for Princess Azema who loves him though she has been promised to the dead King Nino's lost son, Ninia. Arsace states his unwillingness to support Assur in his bid for the throne: (Scena and aria:Eccomi alfine in Babilonia... Ah! quel giorno ognor rammento / "Here I am at last in Babylon... Oh, I shall ever remember the day of glory and happiness...").

Arsace asks to see the High Priest. Oroe enters, opens the casket, and exclaims upon seeing it that it contains the holy relics of the dead king. He hints to Arsace about some treachery that had been involved. Seeing Assur approach, Oroe leaves with the relics. Assur arrives and questions the reason for Arsace's return. The two men discuss Azema, with Arsace reaffirming his love for her (Duet:Bella imago degli dei / "Beautiful, divine image") while Assur states that he too loves her. "You have no idea what love is", the younger man tells the older: (Aria/duet:D'un tenero amor / "Of tender love...")

The entrance hall of the palace

Azema enters, happy that Arsace is now in Babylon. Idreno follows her and asks for her hand; she tells him that this must be Semiramide's decision. "What of your heart?" he asks, assuming that his rival can only be Assur. Scornfully told that it will never be Assur, Idreno is comforted, although he expresses his desire "to punish the wicked boldness of a rival"^[20] and continues to express desire for Azema: (Aria:Ah, dov'è, dov'è il cimento? / "Oh, where is it, where is the challenge?")

The Hanging Gardens

Having fallen in love with Arsace and believing that he loves her, Semiramide waits for his arrival: (Aria:Bel raggio lusinghier / "Beautiful, enchanting ray"). She receives a message from the Oracle, telling her that a wedding will make a new king. She believes this to be a sign from the gods that they approve of her plans, and orders preparations for a wedding. When Arsace arrives, he alludes to his love for Azema without specifically naming her, but he also declares that he will die for his queen if necessary. Semiramide still believes that he really loves her, and vows that she will give him all he desires: (Duet:Serbami ognor sì fido il cor / "Always keep your heart this faithful to me"). They leave separately.

The Palace Throne Room

All enter to await Semiramide's arrival and her announcement of her choice of successor. Arsace, Idreno, Oroe, and Assur all swear to obey her command, no matter what she decides: (Ensemble: Semiramide, Arsace, Idreno, Oroe and Assur: (Giuri ognuno, a' sommi Dei / "Let everyone swear to the highest gods"). She demands loyalty to the man she chooses, stating he will also be her own husband. When Semiramide names Arsace as her chosen one, Assur is outraged and Idreno accepts the decision but requests Azema's hand, which is granted. After asking Oroe to unite her and Arsace, Semiramide is horrified by the uproar which emits from the near-by tomb of King Nino: (Ensemble:Qual mesto gemito da quella tomba / "What a mournful groaning from the tomb there"). All are horrified as King Nino's ghost appears, warning of the crimes to be expiated, telling Arsace that he will reign and to respect the High Priest's wisdom, and commanding him to come down into his tomb. Each character expresses their own anguish.

A hall in the palace

In a brief encounter, Mitrane warns the royal guard to keep Assur under surveillance and not to allow him to leave the palace. Then Semiramide enters, followed shortly after by Assur.

Conflict between the two soon emerges. She reminds him that it was he who gave the cup of poison to Nino, thus causing his death, and he reminds her that it was she who had prepared it: "Who handed me the cup of death?" he asks.^[21] Recalling that at that time she had a son, Ninia, she speculates that he might have been killed by the same man who killed Nino. Assur continues to pressure Semiramide to make him king. In turn, she threatens to reveal the crime, and they sing an extended duet: (Se la vita ancor t'è cara / "If you still hold life dear") recalling the terror and retribution that each could inflict upon the other if the truth came to light. Semiramide continues to demand that Assur acknowledge Arsace as his king.

Rejoicing is heard in the distance, and while Semiramide regains some of her former happiness, Assur becomes resigned to his fate.

King Nino's tomb

Oroe and the Magi are assembled in the tomb. The High Priest urges Arsace to come forward but makes him aware that there may be some unpleasant news awaiting him. Upon his arrival, Oroe tells him that he is Ninia, Nino's son, who had been saved by devoted Fradate and brought up as his own. Aghast at this news, Arsace then learns that Semiramide is his mother. To reinforce this news, Oroe hands him a scroll, written by the King before his death, the reading of which confirms the Priest's statements. The final blow comes when Arsace reads Nino's words, and realises that his mother and Assur were the ones who killed his father: "Assur was the traitor".^[22]

Almost collapsing in grief into Oroe's arms, he asks for comfort: (Aria:In sì barbara sciagura / "In such barbarious misfortune"), but the priests quickly reinforce his need to take immediate revenge. They equip him with armour and a sword and give him the determination to proceed: (cabaletta:Si, vendicato, il genitore / "Yes, my father avenged"). Sword in hand, Arsace leaves.

Semiramide's apartments

Azema and Mitrane are alone, the former complaining that she has lost everything now that Arsace, the love of her life, is due to marry the queen. Entering, Idreno overhears this and is distraught. Azema promises him her hand if he so desires it, but he wishes that she would love him: (Aria:La speranza più soave / "The sweetest hope"). Two choruses of Maids, Lords, and Indians lead them all to the temple.

In the temple

Semiramide confronts Arsace, who finally hands her the scroll which has revealed all. Horrified, she then understands Arsace's real identity, and becomes remorseful, offering herself to his revengeful blows. He swears filial loyalty, expressing the wish to spare his mother: (Duet:Ebben, a te, ferisci! ... Giorno d'orror! E di contento! ... Madre, addio! / "Behold, you, strike me! ... Day of horror, and of joy! ... Mother, adieu!"). Together, they each accept the reality, but Arsace declares that he must go to his father's tomb and take whatever action is necessary. Knowing what is in store, Semiramide urges him to "return to me victorious".

The entrance to the sepulchre of King Ninus

Defiantly, Assur enters and proclaims that this will be Arsace's last day on earth. Learning from his men that the people have turned against him, he still vows to kill Arsace. He moves towards the tomb only to find some unknown force, some apparition holding him back: (Chorus, scena and aria:Deh ti ferma ... Que' numi furenti, Quell'ombre frementi / "Oh, stop ... Those wrathful gods, those quivering shades"). His men urge him on, but still the apparition remains in his mind. His men are puzzled, until he seems to recover and then, with his men beside him, vows to fight on.

Finale - Inside the sepulchre of Ninus

Along with Oroe, Arsace enters the vaults. He searches for his rival. Assur enters as well, also searching for Arsace. Semiramide then comes in to pray at Nino's tomb, asking for forgiveness and protection for her son: (Solo:Al mio pregar t'arrendi: il figlio tuo difendi / "Yield to my prayer: protect your son"). In the confusion of the darkness, all three – Arsace, Semiramide, and Assur – express some bewilderment as to the loss of their courage at this crucial moment: (Trio:L'usato ardir / "My former valour"). But in the darkness and seeking to strike Assur, Arsace strikes Semiramide as she steps between them to forestall her erstwhile accomplice. Surprised to learn Arsace's real identity, Assur is arrested, Semiramide dies, and to general acclaim by the people, Arsace reluctantly accepts that he shall be King.^[23][24]

Notes

Sources

• Gossett, Philip (2006).Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera. Chicago: University of Chicago.ISBN 978-0-226-30482-3.
• Gossett, Philip; Brauner, Patricia (2001). "Semiraminde". InHolden, Amanda (ed.).The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam.ISBN 0-14-029312-4.
• Migliavacca, Giorgio (1998), "Semiramide: Apogee, Decline and Renaissance: the True Phoenix of Belcanto", Booklet accompanying theNightingale Classics CD.
• Osborne, Charles (1994).The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.ISBN 0-931340-71-3.
• Osborne, Richard (1990).Rossini. Ithaca, New York: Northeastern University Press.ISBN 1-55553-088-5.

• Celletti, Rodolfo (1983),A History of Bel Canto (pub. asStoria del belcanto), Discanto (1983) and Oxford University Press, 1996, in translation.ISBN 0-19-816641-9
• Gossett, Philip (2003),"Piracy in Venice: The Selling ofSemiramide", online at uchicago.edu. Originally published in David Rosen; Claire Brook (Eds.) (2003),Words on Music: Essays in Honor of Andrew Porter on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday. Hillsdale, New York, Pendragon Press.
• Narici, Ilaria,Semiramide, in Gelli, Piero & Poletti, Filippo (Eds.) (2007),Dizionario dell'Opera 2008. Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai, pp. 1204-1207.ISBN 978-88-6073-184-5
• Osborne, Richard (1998), "Semiramide", inStanley Sadie, (Ed.),The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Four. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. 1998ISBN 0-333-73432-7ISBN 1-56159-228-5
• Toye, Francis (1947),Rossini: The Man and His Music, Dover Publications, 1987.ISBN 0486253961ISBN 0-486-25396-1

• Media related toSemiramide (Rossini) at Wikimedia Commons
• Semiramide: Scores at theInternational Music Score Library Project

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