Asemi-automatic transmission is a multiple-speedtransmission where part of its operation isautomated (typically the actuation of theclutch), but the driver's input is still required to launch the vehicle from a standstill and to manually change gears. Semi-automatic transmissions were almost exclusively used in motorcycles and are based on conventionalmanual transmissions orsequential manual transmissions, but use an automatic clutch system. But some semi-automatic transmissions have also been based on standard hydraulicautomatic transmissions withtorque converters andplanetary gearsets.[1][2]
Names for specific types of semi-automatic transmissions includeclutchless manual,[3]auto-manual,[4][5]auto-clutch manual,[6][7] andpaddle-shift transmissions.[8][9][10] Colloquially, these types of transmissions are often called "flappy-paddle gearbox", a phrase coined byTop Gear hostJeremy Clarkson.[11] These systems facilitate gear shifts for the driver by operating the clutch system automatically, usually viaswitches that trigger anactuator orservo, while still requiring the driver to manually shift gears. This contrasts with apreselector gearbox, in which the driver selects the next gear ratio and operates the pedal, but the gear change within the transmission is performed automatically.
The first usage of semi-automatic transmissions was in automobiles, increasing in popularity in the mid-1930s when they were offered by several American car manufacturers. Less common than traditional hydraulic automatic transmissions, semi-automatic transmissions have nonetheless been made available on various car and motorcycle models and have remained in production throughout the 21st century. Semi-automatic transmissions with paddle shift operation have been used in variousracing cars, and were first introduced to control the electro-hydraulic gear shift mechanism of theFerrari 640Formula One car in 1989. These systems are currently used on a variety of top-tier racing car classes; includingFormula One,IndyCar, andtouring car racing. Other applications include motorcycles, trucks, buses, andrailway vehicles.
Semi-automatics facilitate easiergear shifts by removing the need to depress a clutch pedal or lever at the same time as changing gears. Most cars that have a semi-automatic transmission are not fitted with a standard clutch pedal since the clutch is remotely controlled. Similarly, most motorcycles with a semi-automatic transmission are not fitted with a conventional clutch lever on thehandlebar.
Most semi-automatic transmissions are based on conventional manual transmission. They can be partially automated transmission. Once the clutch becomes automated, the transmission becomes semi-automatic. However, these systems still require manual gear selection by the driver. This type of transmission is called aclutchless manual or anautomated manual.
Most semi-automatic transmissions in older passenger cars retain the normal H-pattern shifter of a manual transmission; similarly, semi-automatic transmissions on older motorcycles retain the conventional foot-shift lever, as on a motorcycle with a fully manual transmission. However, semi-automatics systems in newer motorcycles, racing cars, and other types of vehicles often use gear selection methods such as shift paddles near thesteering wheel or triggers near thehandlebars.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
Several different forms of automation for clutch actuation have been used over the years, fromhydraulic,pneumatic, andelectromechanical clutches tovacuum-operated,[19]electromagnetic, and evencentrifugal clutches.Fluid couplings (most commonly and formerly used in early automatic transmissions) have also been used by various manufacturers, usually alongside some form of mechanical friction clutch, to prevent the vehicle from stalling when coming to a standstill or atidle.
A typical semi-automatic transmission design may work by usingHall effect sensors ormicro switches to detect the direction of the requested shift when the gear stick is used. These sensors' output, combined with the output from a sensor connected to thegearbox which measures its current speed and gear, is fed into atransmission control unit,electronic control unit,engine control unit, ormicroprocessor,[20][21] or another type of electronic control system. This control system then determines the optimal timing and torque required for smooth clutch engagement.
The electronic control unit powers an actuator, which engages and disengages the clutch in a smooth manner. In some cases, the clutch is actuated by aservomotor coupled to a gear arrangement for alinear actuator, which, via ahydraulic cylinder filled withhydraulic fluid from thebraking system, disengages the clutch. In other cases, the internal clutch actuator may be completely electric, where the main clutch actuator is powered by anelectric motor orsolenoid, or even pneumatic, where the main clutch actuator is apneumatic actuator that disengages the clutch.
A clutchless manual system, named theAutostick, was a semi-automatic transmission introduced byVolkswagen for the 1968 model year. Marketed as theVolkswagen Automatic Stickshift, a conventional three-speed manual transmission was connected to a vacuum-operated automatic clutch system. The top of the gear stick was designed to depress and activate an electric switch, i.e. when touched by the driver's hand. When pressed, the switch operated a 12-voltsolenoid, which in turn operated the vacuum clutch actuator, thus disengaging the clutch and allowing shifting between gears. With the driver's hand removed from the gearshift, the clutch would re-engage automatically. The transmission was also equipped with a torque converter, allowing the car to idle in gear like with an automatic, as well as stop and start from a standstill in any gear.[22][23][24]
Starting in the late 1990s, automotive manufacturers introduced what is now called anautomated manual transmission (AMT), which is mechanically similar to, and has its roots in, earlier clutchless manual transmission systems. An AMT functions in the same way as older semi-automatic and clutchless manual transmissions, but with two exceptions; it is able to both operate the clutch and shift automatically, and does not use a torque converter. Shifting is done either automatically from atransmission control unit (TCU), or manually from either the shift knob or shift paddles mounted behind the steering wheel. AMTs combine the fuel efficiency of manual transmissions with the shifting ease of automatic transmissions. Their biggest disadvantage is poor shifting comfort due to the mechanical clutch being disengaged by the TCU, which is easily noticeable as "jolting".[citation needed] Some transmission makers have tried solving this issue by using oversized synchronizer rings and not fully opening the clutch during shifting—which works in theory, but as of 2007, there have not been any series production cars with such functions.[needs update] In passenger cars, modern AMTs generally have six speeds (though some have seven) and a rather long gearing. In combination with a smart-shifting program, this can significantly reduce fuel consumption. In general, there are two types of AMTs: integrated AMTs and add-on AMTs. Integrated AMTs were designed to be dedicated AMTs, whereas add-on AMTs are conversions of standard manual transmissions into AMTs.[citation needed]
An automated manual transmission may include a fully automatic mode where the driver does not need to change gears at all.[25] These transmissions can be described as a standard manual transmission with an automated clutch and automated gear shift control, allowing them to operate in the same manner as traditional automatic transmissions. The TCU automatically shifts gears if, for example, the engine isredlined. The AMT can be switched to a clutchless manual mode wherein one can upshift or downshift using aconsole-mounted shift selector or paddle shifters.[26] It has a lower cost than conventional automatic transmissions.[27]
The automated manual transmission (trade names includeSMG-III) is not to be confused with "manumatic" automatic transmission (marketed under trade names such asTiptronic,Steptronic,Sportmatic, andGeartronic). While these systems seem superficially similar, a manumatic uses a torque converter like an automatic transmission, instead of the clutch used in the automated manual transmission. An automated manual can give the driver full control of the gear selection, whereas a manumatic will deny a gear change request that would result in the engine stalling (from too fewRPM) or over-revving.[25] The automatic mode of an automated manual transmission at low or frequent stop start speeds is less smooth than that of manumatics and other automatic transmissions.[28]
Several semi-automatic transmissions used by motorcycles and racing cars are actually mechanically based onsequential manual transmissions. Semi-automatic motorcycle transmissions generally omit the clutch lever, but retain the conventional heel-and-toe foot shift lever.[29][30][31][32][33][34]
Semi-automatic motorcycle transmissions are based on conventional sequential manual transmissions and typically use acentrifugal clutch.[35] At idle speed, the engine is disconnected from the gearbox input shaft, allowing both it and the bike tofreewheel, unlike with torque converter automatics, there is noidle creep with a properly adjusted centrifugal clutch. As the engine speed rises, counterweights within the clutch assembly gradually pivot further outwards until they start to make contact with the inside of the outer housing and transmit an increasing amount of engine power and torque. The effective "bite point" or "biting point"[36] is found automatically by equilibrium, where the power is transmitted through the (still-slipping) clutch is equal to what the engine can provide. This allows relatively fast full-throttle takeoffs (with the clutch adjusted so the engine is at peak torque) without the engine slowing or being bogged down, as well as more relaxed starts and low-speed maneuvers at lower throttle andRPMs.
In 1901,Amédée Bollée developed a method of shifting gears that did not require the use of a clutch and was activated by a ring mounted within the steering wheel.[37] One car using this system was the 1912Bollée Type F Torpedo.
Prior to the arrival of the first mass-produced hydraulic automatic transmission (theGeneral MotorsHydra-Matic) in 1940, several American manufacturers offered various devices to reduce the amount of clutch or shifting input required.[38] These devices were intended to reduce the difficulty of operating theunsynchronised manual transmissions, or "crash gearboxes", that were commonly used, especially in stop-start driving.
An early step towards automated transmissions was the 1933–1935REO Self-Shifter,[39][40][41][42] which automatically shifted between two forward gears in the "forward" mode (or between two shorter gear ratios in the "emergency low" mode). Standing starts required the driver to use the clutch pedal. The Self-Shifter first appeared in May 1933 and was offered as standard on the Royale and as an option on the Flying Cloud S-4.[43]
In 1937, the four-speedOldsmobile Automatic Safety Transmission was introduced on theOldsmobile Six and Oldsmobile Eight models.[39] It used a planetary gearset with a clutch pedal for starting from a standstill and switching between the "low" and "high" ranges.[44][45][46] The Automatic Safety Transmission was replaced by the fully-automatic Hydra-Matic for the 1940 model year.[47][48]
The 1938–1939Buick Special was available with another Self-Shifter 4-speed semi-automatic transmission,[49][50][51] which used a manual clutch for starting from standstill and an automated clutch for gear changes.
The 1941ChryslerM4 Vacamatic transmission was a two-speed manual transmission with an integral underdrive unit, a traditional manual clutch, and a fluid coupling between the engine and the clutch.[52][53][54] The two-speed transmission had "high" and "low" ranges, and the clutch was used when the driver wanted to switch between ranges. For normal driving, the driver would press the clutch, select the High range, and then release the clutch. Once the accelerator was pressed, the fluid coupling would engage and the car would begin moving forward, with the underdrive unit engaged to provide a lower gear ratio. At between 15 and 20 mph (24 and 32 km/h), the driver would lift off the accelerator and the underdrive unit would disengage. The Vacamatic was replaced by a similarM6 Presto-Matic transmission for the 1946 model year.
Similar designs were used for the 1941–1950Hudson Drive-Master[55][56] and the ill-fated 1942Lincoln Liquimatic.[57][58] Both of these combined a 3-speedmanual transmission with automated shifting between the 2nd and 3rd gears, instead of the Vacamatic's "underdrive" unit.
The Packard Electro-Matic, introduced in the 1941Packard Clipper andPackard 180, was an early clutchless manual transmission that used a traditional friction clutch with automatic vacuum operation, which was controlled by the position of the accelerator.
TheAutomotive Products manumatic system, available on the 1953Ford Anglia 100E, was a vacuum-powered automatic clutch system that was actuated by a switch that was triggered whenever the gear stick was moved. The system could control the throttle cable (to keep the engine at the required RPM for the gear change) and vary the rate of clutch engagement.[59] The successive Newtondrive system, available on the 1957–1958 Ford Anglia, also had a provision forchoke control. A similar product was the GermanSaxomat automatic clutch system, which was introduced in the mid-1950s and available on various European cars.[60]
TheCitroën DS, introduced in 1955, used ahydraulic system with a hydraulically-operated speed controller and idle speed step-up device to select gears and operate the otherwise conventional clutch. This allowed clutchless shifting with a singlecolumn-mounted selector, while the driver simultaneously lifted off the accelerator to change gear. This system was nicknamed "Citro-Matic" in the U.S.
For the 1962 model year,American Motors introduced the E-Stick, which eliminated the clutch pedal in theRambler American with standard three-speed manual transmissions.[61] This automatic clutch used engine oil pressure as a hydraulic source and was available for less than $60.[62] Compared to fully automatic transmissions of the time, the E-Stick offered the fuel economy of a stick-shift, with vacuum and electric switches controlling the clutch. The E-Stick three-speed transmission was offered on the largerRambler Classic models, along with an overdrive unit.[63] The system was only available with 6-cylinder engines, and the lack of a clutch proved unpopular, so it was discontinued after 1964.[64]
The 1967Volkswagen WSK (Wandlerschaltkupplungsgetriebe; English:Torque converter shift/clutch gearbox), used in theBeetle,Type 3 andKarmann Ghia, was one of the first gearboxes of its kind, with an automatic mechanical clutch and a torque converter. It was also known as theAutostick. Shifting was done manually by the driver. The automatic mechanical clutch allowed the car to accelerate from a stop, whereas the torque converter enabled it to do so in any gear. Dampening engine vibrations and providing torque multiplication, it functioned as a sort of "reduction gearbox", so the actual mechanical gearbox only needed three forward gears (this is why conventional automatic transmissions with torque converters normally have fewer gears than manual transmissions). The WSK had no "first" gear; instead, the first gear was converted into reverse gear, and the second gear was labeled first (with the third and fourth gears respectively being labeled second and third).[65]
TheChevrolet Torque-Drive transmission, introduced on the 1968Chevrolet Nova andCamaro, is one of a few examples where a semi-automatic transmission was based on a conventional hydraulic automatic transmission (rather than a standard manual transmission). The Torque-Drive was essentially a 2-speedPowerglide automatic transmission without the vacuum modulator, requiring the driver to manually shift gears between "Low" and "High". The quadrant indicator on Torque-Drive cars was "Park-R-N-Hi-1st". The driver would start the car in "1st," then move the lever to "Hi" when desired. The Torque-Drive was discontinued at the end of 1971 and replaced by a traditional hydraulic automatic transmission. Other examples of semi-automatic transmissions based on hydraulic automatics were the Ford 3-speed Semi-Automatic Transmission used in the 1970–1971Ford Maverick, early versions of Honda's 1972–1988Hondamatic 2-speed and 3-speed transmissions, and theDaihatsu Diamatic 2-speed transmission used in the 1985–1991Daihatsu Charade.
| Years | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1953–1954 | PlymouthHy-Drive | Torque converter added to a 3-speed manual transmission so it could be driven solely in top gear (to avoid using the manual clutch). |
| 1956–1963 | Renault Ferlec | Automatic electromagnetic clutch. Used in theRenault Dauphine.[66][67] |
| 1957–1961 | Mercedes-Benz Hydrak | Automatic vacuum-powered clutch, plus a fluid coupling for standing starts.[68] |
| 1959–???? | Citroën Traffi-Clutch | Automatic centrifugal clutch. Used in theCitroën 2CV,Citroën Traction Avant, andCitroën Dyane. |
| 1965–1990 | VEB Sachsenring Hycomat | Automatic electro-hydraulic clutch. Used in theTrabant 601. |
| 1966–???? | Simca automatic clutch | Automatic clutch plus a torque converter. Used in theSimca 1000.[69][70][71][72] |
| 1967–1977 | NSU automatic clutch | Automatic vacuum-powered clutch plus a torque converter. Used in theNSU Ro 80. |
| 1967–1976 | Porsche Sportomatic | Automatic vacuum-powered clutch plus a torque converter. Used in thePorsche 911.[73][74] |
| 1968–1971 | Subaru Autoclutch | Automatic electromagnetic clutch.[75] Used in theSubaru 360.[76] |
| 1968–1976 | VolkswagenAutostick | Automatic electro-pneumatic clutch plus a torque converter. Used in theVolkswagen Beetle andVolkswagen Karmann Ghia.[77] |
| 1971–1980 | Citroën C-matic | Automatic clutch plus a torque converter. Used in theCitroën GS andCitroën CX. Originally called Convertisseur in GS models. |
| 1991–1993 | Ferrari Valeo | Automatic electro-mechanical clutch. Used in theFerrari Mondial t.[78][79] |
| 1992–1998 | RUFEKS | Automatic electro-hydraulic clutch. Used in theRuf BTR[80] andRuf BTR2. |
| 1993–1998 | Saab Sensonic | Automatic electro-hydraulic clutch.[81][82] Used in theSaab 900 NG. |
| 2020–present | Hyundai/KiaiMT | Automatic electro-hydraulic clutch. Used in theHyundai Venue,Hyundai i20, andKia Sonet. The gear stick has a shift pattern similar to a fully manual car, unlike AMTs with only sequential gear selection.[83] |
An early example of a semi-automatic motorcycle transmission was the use of an automatic centrifugal clutch in the early 1960s by the Czechoslovak manufacturerJawa Moto.[84] Their design was used without permission in the 1965Honda Cub 50, which resulted in Jawa suing Honda forpatent infringement and Honda agreeing to pay royalties for each motorcycle using the design.[84]
Other semi-automatic transmissions used in motorcycles include:
Semi-automatic transmissions inracing cars are typically operated by shift paddles connected to a designated transmission control unit.
The firstFormula One car to use a semi-automatic transmission was the 1989Ferrari 640.[37][115] It used hydraulic actuators andelectrical solenoids for clutch control and shifting, and was shifted via two paddles mounted behind the steering wheel. Another paddle on the steering wheel controlled the clutch, which was only needed when starting from a standstill.[116] The car won its debut race at theBrazilian Grand Prix, but for much of the season suffered from reliability problems.[117] Other teams began switching to similar semi-automatic transmissions; the 1991Williams FW14 was the first to use asequential drum-rotation mechanism (similar to those used inmotorcycle transmissions), which allowed for a more compact design that required only one actuator to rotate the drum and change gears. A further development was made possible by the introduction ofelectronic throttle control soon after, which made it possible for the car to automatically rev-match during downshifts.[118] By 1993, most teams were using semi-automatic transmissions. The last F1 car fitted with a conventional manual gearbox, theForti FG01, raced in 1995.[119]
Following concerns about the potential for Formula One cars to shift gears automatically without any driver input, mandatory software was introduced in 1994[120] that ensured that gear changes only occurred when instructed by the driver. Pre-programmed, computer-controlled, fully-automatic upshifts and downshifts were re-introduced and allowed from2001, and were permitted from that year'sSpanish Grand Prix, but were banned again in2004.[121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128] Buttons on the steering wheel to shift directly to a particular gear (instead of having to shift sequentially using the paddles) are permitted.[citation needed] The 2005Minardi PS05,Renault R25, andWilliams FW27 were the last Formula 1 cars to use a 6-speed gearbox before the switch to a mandatory 7-speed gearbox for the2006 season. Since2014 season, Formula 1 cars currently use mandatory 8-speed paddle-shift gearboxes.
The now-defunctCARTChamp Car Series switched from a lever-shift sequential system to a 7-speed paddle-shift system for the2007 season. This transmission was introduced with the new-for-2007Panoz DP01 chassis.
The rivalIndyCar Series introduced their 6-speed semi-automatic paddle-shift system for the2008 season, also replacing the previous lever-shifted sequential transmission, introduced with theDallara IR-05 chassis for 2008.[129] IndyCars currently use theXtrac P1011 sequential transmission, which uses a semi-automatic paddle shift system supplied by Mega-Line called AGS (Assisted Gearshift System). AGS uses a pneumatic gearshift and clutch actuator controlled by an internal transmission control unit.[130][131][132][133][134]
Both theFIA Formula 2 andFormula 3 Championships currently use 6-speed sequential gearboxes with electro-hydraulic operation via shift paddles. Manual control of the multi-plate clutch systems via a lever behind the steering wheel is used to launch the cars.
DTM currently uses aHewland DTT-200 6-speed sequential transmission with steering-wheel-mounted shift paddles, which was introduced for the2012 season with the new rule change. This new system replaced the older lever-shifted sequential transmission, which had been used for the previous 12 seasons (since2000).
Other notable uses for semi-automatic transmissions include:
| Automotive transmissions |
|---|
| Manual |
| Automatic /Semi-automatic |
There are other, even more simplistic examples of his influence. For instance, he pretty much put the phrase "flappy-paddle gearbox" into the lexicon. Ask yourself this: What is that type of gear-changing system actually called? Exactly, it's a flappy paddle...
The "E" stick transmission offered by AMC in '64 has been dropped.
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