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Seljuk dynasty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oghuz Turkic dynasty
"Seljuk Turks" redirects here. For the territory over which they ruled, seeSeljuk Empire.
Seljuk dynasty
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers includingKayqubad I
Founded10th century –Seljuk
Titles
TraditionsSunni Islam (MaturidiHanafi)
DissolutionDamascus:
1104 –Baktāsh(Ertaş), dethroned byToghtekin
Great Seljuk:
1194 –Toghrul III was killed in battle withTekish
Rum:
1308 –Mesud II died

TheSeljuk dynasty, orSeljukids[1][2] (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/SEL-juuk;Turkish:Selçuklular,Persian:سلجوقیانSaljuqian,[3]) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids[4] orSeljuk Turks,[5][6] was anOghuz Turkic,Sunni Muslimdynasty that culturally becamePersianate and contributed toTurco-Persian culture.[7][8]

The founder of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Beg, was a descendant of a royal Khazar chiefTuqaq who served as advisor to the King of the Khazars,[9][10][11] inWest Asia andCentral Asia. The Seljuks established theSeljuk Empire (1037–1194), theSultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and theSultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched fromIran toAnatolia and were the prime targets of theFirst Crusade.

Early history

[edit]

The Seljuks originated from theKinik branch of theOghuz Turks,[12][13][14][15] who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of theCaspian Sea andAral Sea in theirOghuz Yabgu State[16] in theKazakh Steppe ofTurkestan.[17] During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.[18] WhenSeljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out withYabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of theOghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lowerSyr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.[18]

In the 11th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainlandPersia, in theprovince of Khurasan, where they encountered theGhaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at theBattle of Nasa in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons,Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title ofdehqan.[19] At theBattle of Dandanaqan, they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege ofIsfahan byTughril in 1050/51,[20] established theGreat Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted thePersian culture andPersian language in the following decades.[21][22][23][24][25]

Later period

[edit]

After arriving inPersia, the Seljuks adopted thePersian culture and used thePersian language as the official language of the government,[26][27][28] and played an important role in the development of theTurko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".[29] Today, they are remembered as great patrons ofPersian culture,art,literature, andlanguage.[21][22][23]

Seljuk rulers

[edit]

Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty

[edit]
Head of Seljuk male royal figure, 12–13th century, fromIran. Carved and drilled stone with Iranian craftsmanship. Kept at theNew York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south ofTehran commemoratingToğrül
TheKharāghān twin towers, built in Iran in 1053 to house the remains of Seljuk princes

The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

Titular name(s)Personal nameReign
Bey
بیگ		Tughril I
طغرل		1037–1063
Suleiman[30]
سلیمان شاہ		1063[31]
Sultan
سلطان		Alp Arslan (Arslan I)
الپ ارسلان		1063–1072
Sultan
سلطان
Jalāl al-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ		Malik Shah I
ملک شاہ یکم		1072–1092
Sultan
سلطان
Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din
ناصر الدنیا والدین		Mahmud I
محمود یکم		1092–1094
Sultan
سلطان
Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din
أبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین		Barkiyaruq
برکیارق		1094–1105
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین		Malik Shah II
ملک شاہ دوم		1104–1105
Sultan
سلطان
Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din
غیاث الدنیا والدین		Muhammad I Tapar
محمد تاپار		1105–1118
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین		*Ahmad Sanjar
احمد سنجر		1118–1153
Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, theOghuz took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs.
  • Muhammad's sonMahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, butAhmad Sanjar, who was the governor ofKhurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.

Seljuk sultans of Hamadan

[edit]
TheGreat Seljuk Empire in 1092, upon the death ofMalik Shah I[32]

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on theAbbasids ofBaghdad. Several Turkicemirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as theEldiguzids.

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with theKhwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.

Seljuk rulers of Kerman

[edit]
Main article:Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also includedUmman.

or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)

Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chiefMalik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by theKhwarezmid Empire in 1196.

Seljuk rulers in Syria

[edit]

To theArtuqids

Sultans/Emirs ofDamascus:

Damascus seized by theBuridToghtekin

Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)

[edit]
Main article:Sultanate of Rûm
TheSeljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1190, before theThird Crusade

The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.

History of the Turkic peoplespre–14th century
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Belief system:Tengrism andShamanism
Chief gods and goddesses:Kayra andÜlgen
Epics and heroes:Ergenekon andAsena
Major concepts:Sheka andGrey wolf
Yenisei Kyrgyz People202 BCE–13th CE
Dingling71 BC–?? AD
Göktürks

(Tokhara Yabghus,Turk Shahis)

Sabiri People
Khazar Khaganate618–1048
Xueyantuo628–646
Kangar Union659–750
Turk Shahi665-850
Türgesh Khaganate699–766
Kimek–Kipchak Confederation743–1035
Uyghur Khaganate744–840
Oghuz Yabgu State750–1055
Karluk Yabgu State756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate840–1212
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom848–1036
Qocho856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates860–1091
Ghaznavid Empire963–1186
Seljuk Empire1037–1194
Cuman–Kipchak Confederation1067–1239
Khwarazmian Empire1077–1231
Kerait Khanate11th century–13th century
Atabegs of Azerbaijan1136–1225
Delhi Sultanate1206–1526
Qarlughid Kingdom1224–1266
Golden Horde1242–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)1250–1517
Ottoman State1299–1922
The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rûm with their contemporary neighbors inCentral Asia
Tuqaq Temur
Beg
Commander-in-chief
of the Oghuz army		Ma'munid rulers inChorasmia
(r. 995-1117)
Seljuk Beg
The founder of
Seljuk dynasty		Altun Tash
(1017-1032)
Arslan Yabgu
Chief of Seljuk dynasty		Mikail ibn SeljukThe mother of
Toghrul I, Chaghri,
Ibrahim & Artash		Yûsuf Inal[33][34]Yûnus[35][36]Mûsâ[37](İnanç)YabguHarun
(r. 1032-1035)		Ismail Khandan
(r. 1035-1041)
Rasūl Tagīn[38]Qutalmish[39]
Father of the founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate		Toghrul Beg
First sultan of
the Seljuks
(r. 1037–1063)		Chaghri Beg
Co-ruler of
the Seljuk dynasty		Ibrahim Inal[39]Artash Inal[40]Abu Ali Hasan Yabgu[40][39]Yûsuf,[41] Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & DawlatshahShah Malik
(r. 1041-1042)
Mānsūr[38][38]Suleyman I Shah ofRûm[42]
(r. 1077–1086)		Alp Ilig and Dawlat[38]Suleiman[30]
(r. 1063)[31]		Alp Arslan
(r. 1063–1072)		Kavurt[43] Beg
(r. 1048–1073)
KirmanSeljuks		Seljuk rule
inKhwarazm
(r. 1042-1077)
Abu'l-Qasim(İznik)
(r. 1086-1092)		Abu'l Ghazi Hasan Bey(Kayseri)Malik-Shah I
(r. 1072–1092)		Kīrmān[44] Shah
(r. 1073–1074)		Sultan Shah[44]
(r. 1074–1085)		Turan I Shah[44]
(r. 1085–1097)		Anūsh Tekīn
(r. 1077-1097)
Ayisha[42] Khātun
(r. inMalatya)		Kilij Arslan I
(r. 1092–1107)		Kulan Arslan (Dāvûd)[42]Mahmud I[45][46][47]
(r. 1092–1094)		Barkiyaruq[48]
(r. 1092–1104)		Arslan Shah I
(r. 1101–1142)		Muhammad I Mālīk Shah
(r. 1142–1156)		Îrânshah
(r. 1097–1101)		Ekinchi
(r. 1097)
Toghrul Arslan[42]
(r.1107-1124)		Malīk Shah ofRûm
(r. 1110–1116)		Muhammad I Tapar
(r. 1105–1118)		Malik-Shah II
(r. 1104-1105)		Toghrul Shah[44]
(r. 1156–1170)		Bahrām Shah
(r. 1170 - 1175)[44]
Arslan II Shah
(r. 1170 - 1177)[44]		Turan II Shah
(r. 1177–1183)
Muhammad II
(r. 1183–1187)		Qutbū'd-Dīn
Muhammad
(r. 1097-1127)
Gündüz Alp[49]Rukn ad-DīnMas'ūd I
(r. 1116–1156)		Malīk Arab[42]
(r. 1116-1127)
inAnkara		Ahmad Sanjar
(r. 1118-1153)
Last Sultan of TheGreat Seljuk		Mahmud II[50][51]
(r. 1118–1131)
First sultan of
TheIraqiSeljuks		Toghrul II[50][52]
(r. 1132–1134)
Masud[50][53]
(r. 1134–1152)		Suleiman-Shah[50]
(r. 1159–1160)		Qizil Arslan
(r. 1191)
de facto ruler ofToghrul III
Atabeg of theEldiguzids		ʿAlāʾ ad-DīnĀtsız
(r. 1127-1156)
Danismendli GroomsYağıbasan(Sivas) &ZūnNūn(Kayseri)ʿIzz ad-Dīn
Kilij Arslan II
(r. 1156–1192)		Malīk Shāhīn Shāh(Ankara,Çankırı,Kastamonu); DaulatDawud[50]
(r. 1131–1132)		Malik-Shah III[50]
(r. 1152–1153)
Muhammad II[50]
(r. 1153–1159)		Arslan-Shah[50][54]
(r. 1160–1177)		Toghrul III[50][55]
(r. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
Last sultan		Terken KhatunTāj ad-Dīn
İl-Arslan
(r. 1156-1172)
Rukn ad-DīnSuleyman II Shah ofRûm
(r. 1196–1204)		The mothers of
ʿIzz ad-Dīn
Kay Kāwus I and
Jalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn		Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
Kay Khusraw I
(r. 1192–1196) &
(r. 1205–1211)		Dawlat Raziya KhatunMalīka İsmetū'd-DīnGevher Nesibe SultanQutbū'd-Dīn
Malīk Shāh
(Sivas,Aksaray)
Arslan Shāh
(Niğde)		Terken Khatun
de facto ruler ofMuhammad		ʿAlāʾ ad-DīnTakish
(r. 1172-1200)		Jalāl ad-DīnSultān Shāh
(r. 1172-1193)
Kilij Arslan III
(r. 1204–1205)		ʿIzz ad-Dīn
Kay Kāwus I
(r. 1211–1220)		Hunad-Māh Pari Khātun ofKir Fard ofAlanya CastleʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
Kay Qubād I
(r. 1220–1237)		Malīka Ādīla Ghāzīya Khātun ofAyyubidsMuhyi'd-Dīn Masud Shāh(Ankara,Çankırı,Eskişehir)Nurū'd-[Dīn Mahmud Sultān Shāh(Kayseri)ʿAlāʾ ad-DīnMuhammad
(r. 1200-1220)		Jalāl al-DīnMangubardī
(r. 1220-1231)
Jalāl ad-Dīn
Kay Farīdûn
(Koyulhisar)		Sāhīp Shams
ad-Dīn Īsfahānī (1246–1249)[Note 1]		Bardūlīya Khātun (Prodoulia)Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
Kay Khusraw II
(r. 1237–1246)		Gurju Khatun(Bagrationi dynasty ofGeorgians)Mu‘in ad-DīnSuleyman[Note 2](Parwāna)ʿIzz ad-Dīn
Kilij Arslan,
Rukn ad-Dīn and two daughters		Mugisū'd-Dīn Toghrul Shāh(Elbistan)
Muizū'd-Dīn Kāysar Shāh(Malatya)		Ögedei established theMongol rule
inKhwarezmia
(r. 1229–1241)
Karîm ad-DīnKaraman Bey
(r. 1256–1263)
(Karamanoğulları
Anatolian Beylik)		Unknown son[56]ʿIzz ad-Dīn
Kay Kāwus II
(1246–1249)[Note 3]
(r. 1249–1254) &
(r. 1254-1262)[Note 4]		Rukn ad-Dīn
Kilij Arslan IV
(r. 1249–1254) &
(r. 1257-1262) &
(1262-1266)[Note 5]		ʿAlāʾ ad-DīnKay Qubād II[Note 6]
(r. 1249–1254)		PervâneoğullarıAnatolian Beylik(established in
Sinop in 1277)		Nizāmū'd-Dīn Argun Shāh(Amasya)
Sanjar Shāh
(Ereğli)		Nasirū'd-Dīn Barkyāruk Shāh(Niksar,Koyulhisar)
Möngke appointedHulagu, the son ofTolui, asIl khan of theMongol Empire in 1253
Karamanoğlu Shams ad-DīnMehmed Bey
(Grand Vizier of ʿAlāʾ ad-DīnSīyāvuş)		ʿAlāʾ ad-DīnSīyāvuş
(15 May 1277 - 20 June 1277)[Note 7]or[Note 8]
(24 April 1279 - 30 May 1279)		Ghiyāth ad-DīnMas'ūd II
(r. 1282–1284) &
(r. 1284–1296)		FarāmurzGhiyāth ad-Dīn
Kay Khusraw III
(r. 1266–1282) &
(r. 1282–1284)		Mu‘in ad-Dīn Mehmed
(r. 1277-1297)		Mū'hazzab
ūd-Dīn Ali		Kubilai endorsedAbaqa, the son ofHulagu, asIl-Khan in 1270
(r. 1265–1282)		Ahmad Tagüdar
(r. 1282–1284)
UçBeylik ofOsman establishedʿAlāʾ ad-DīnKay Qubād III
(r. 1298-1302)[42]		Mū'hazzab
ūd-DīnMasūd
(r. 1297-1300)		TaraqayArghun
(r. 1284–1291)		Gaykhatu
(r. 1291–1295)
Osman ofOttomans
(r. 1299-1323/4)		Ghiyāth ad-DīnMas'ūd II
(r. 1303-1308)[42]		Gazi Chelebi
(r. 1300-1322)		Baydu
(r. 1295)		Ghazan
(r. 1295–1304)		Öljaitü
(r. 1304–1316)

Gallery

[edit]

Family tree

[edit]
Great Seljuk sultans family tree
Tuqaq Temur
Yalig Beg
(b. ? –d. ?)
Commander-in-chief
ofThe Oghuz army
Seljuk Beg
(b. ? –d. ?)
The founder of
Seljuk dynasty
Qawam al-Dawla[57]
(r. 1012–1028)
BuyidGovernor inKerman		Arslan Yabgu
(b. ? –d. 1032)
Chief ofSeljuk dynasty		Mikail ibn Seljuk
(b. ? -d. ?)		The mother of
Toghrul,Chaghri,
Ibrahim and Artash		Yûsuf Inal[33][34]Yûnus[35][36]Mûsâ Yabgu[58]
(İnanç Yabgu) Governor ofTokharistan
Abu Kalijar[57]
(r. 1028–1048)
BuyidAmir in Kirman		Kurlu Bey[59]
(r. 1069–1071)
Leader of the Seljuk
vassal state inPalestine		Qutalmish[60]
Father of the founder of
Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate		1.Toghrul I
(r. 1037–1063)
First sultan of
TheGreat Seljuk Empire		Chaghri Beg[30]
(r. 1040–1060)
Governor of Khorasan		Ibrahim Inal[60]Artash Inal[58]
(Artāsh)		Abu Ali
Hasan Yabgu[58][60]		Yûsuf, Kara Arslan,
Abu Bakr, Umar,[61]
Bori and Dawlatshah
1.Qawurd-Beg[57]
SeljukShah of Kirman
(r. 1048–1073)
KermanSeljuk Sultanate		Atsiz ibn Uvaq[59]
(r. 1076–1079)
Amir ofDimashq		Aksungur[62]
(r. 1086–1094)
Sultan ofAleppo		2.Suleiman[30]
(r. 1063)[31]
Sultan of Great Seljuk		3.Alp Arslan
(r. 1063–1072)
Sultan of Great Seljuk		Alp Sungur Yâkūtî[30]
Prince
Governor of Azerbaijan		Arslan Argun and Ilyas[30]
Other princes		Khadija Arslan[30]
Princess
marriedAbbasid
caliphAl-Qa'im.		Safiyya Khatun[30]
Princess
2.Kerman Shah[63]
(r. 1073–1074)
3.Hussain Omar Shah[63]
(r. 1074)		Tutush[64][65]
(r. 1079–1095)
Sultan ofDimashq and
(r. 1094–1095) ofAleppo		Turkan Khatun[45]
The daughter ofTamghach Khan
Ibrahim ofKara-Khaniddynasty
and de facto ruler ofMahmud I		4.Malik-Shah I[46]
(r. 1072–1092)
Sultan of Great Seljuk		Arslan-Shah
(r. 1066–1083)
Governor of Khorasan		Doğan-Shah
(r. 1083–1092)
Governor of Khorasan		Arslan-Argun[66]
(r. 1092–1097)
Governor of Khorasan		Tuğrul and Böri-Bars
Other princes		Aisha
Princess
marriedKara-Khanid khan
Nasr Shams al-Mulk.
4.Sultan Shah[63]
(r. 1074–1085)
5.Turan I Shah[63]
(r. 1085–1097)		Dawud and Ahmad[45][46]
Other princes		5.Mahmud I[45][46][47]
(r. 1092–1094)
Sultan of Great Seljuk		6.Bark-Yaruq[47]
(r. 1092–1104)[31]
Sultan of Great Seljuk		8.Muhammad I Tapar[67]
(r. 1105–1118)
Sultan of Great Seljuk		9.Ahmad Sanjar[68]
(r. 1118–1153)
Last sultan of
TheGreat Seljuk		Tuğrul and Amîr Humâr[46]
Other princes		Gawhar Khatun[46]
Princess
marriedGhaznavid
sultan Mas'ud III.		Sayyeda[46]
Princess
marriedAbbasid
caliphAl-Mustazhir
6.Iranshah[63]
(r. 1097–1101)
7.Arslan I Shah[63]
(r. 1101–1142)		Duqaq[65]
(r. 1095–1104)
Amir ofDimashq		Mah-i Malak[45][46]
Princess
marriedAbbasid
caliphAl-Muqtadi		7.Malik-Shah II[47]
(r. 1104-1105)[31]
Sultan of Great Seljuk		1.Mahmud II[50][51]
(r. 1118–1131)
First sultan of
TheIraqiSeljuks		3.Toghrul II[50][52]
(r. 1132–1134)
Sultan ofIraqiSeljuks		Mu'mine Khatun
wife ofToghrul II
until 1134
wife of İldenizfrom 1136		Ildeniz
(r. 1160–1175)
de facto ruler
Atabeg ofArslan-Shah		4.Masud[50][53]
(r. 1134–1152)
Sultan ofIraqiSeljuks
8.Malīk Muhammad I Shah[63]
(r. 1142–1156)
9.Toghrul Shah[63]
(r. 1156–1170)		Tutush II &Artash[65]
(Baktāsh) (r. 1104)
Amir ofDimashq		2.Dawud[50]
(r. 1131–1132)
Sultan ofIraqiSeljuks		5.Malik-Shah III[50]
(r. 1152–1153)
Sultan ofIraqiSeljuks		6.Muhammad II[50]
(r. 1153–1159)
Sultan ofIraqiSeljuks		7.Suleiman-Shah[50]
(r. 1159–1160)
Sultan ofIraqiSeljuks		8.Arslan-Shah[50][54]
(r. 1160–1177)
Sultan ofIraqiSeljuks		Nusrat al-Din Muhammad
(r. 1175–1186)
de facto ruler ofToghrul III
Atabeg ofArslan-Shah		Qizil Arslan
(r. 1186-1191)
de facto ruler ofToghrul III
Atabeg of theEldiguzids
10.Bahrām,11.Arslan II
Shah[63](r. 1170 - 1171)
12.Bahrām Shah[63]
(r. 1171 - 1172)		13.Bahrām &Arslan II
Shah[63](r. 1172–1175)
14.Bahrām Shah[63]
(r. 1175)		15.Muhammad II Shah[63]
(r. 1175)
16.Arslan II Shah[63]
(r. 1175 - 1177)		17.Turan II Shah[63]
(r. 1177–1183)
18.Muhammad II Shah[63]
(r. 1183–1187)		Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan[65]
(r. 1095–1113)
Malik ofAleppo		Alp Arslan[65]
(r. 1113–1114)
Sultan Shah[65]
(r. 1114–1117)		9.Toghrul III[50][69]
(r. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
Last sultan of
TheIraqiSeljuks		Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
(r. 1191–1210)
de facto ruler
Atabeg of theEldiguzids		Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek
(r. 1210–1225)
Atabeg of theEldiguzids
Notes:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Grand VizierSāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī ruled the country on behalf of ʿIzz ad-DīnKay Kāwus II between 1246 and 1249
  2. ^Grand VizierParwānaMu‘in al-Din Suleyman ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyāth ad-DīnKay Khusraw III between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1Rabi' al-awwal 676)
  3. ^Between 1246 and 1249 ʿIzz ad-DīnKay Kāwus II reigned alone
  4. ^ʿIzz ad-DīnKay Kāwus II was defeated on October 14, 1256 inSultanhanı (Sultan Han,Aksaray) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure ofBaiju Noyan fromAnatolia
  5. ^Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-DīnKilij Arslan IV reigned alone
  6. ^Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers
  7. ^According toİbn Bîbî,el-Evâmirü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye, p. 727. (10Dhu al-Hijjah 675 - 17Muharram 676)
  8. ^According to Yazıcıoğlu Ali,Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk, p. 62. (10Dhu al-Hijjah 677 - 17Muharram 678)

References

[edit]
  1. ^Neiberg, Michael S. (2002).Warfare in World History. Routledge. pp. 19–20.ISBN 978-1-134-58342-3.
  2. ^Harris, Jonathan (2014).Byzantium and the Crusades. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39–45.ISBN 978-1-78093-736-6.
  3. ^Rāvandī, Muḥammad (1385).Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq. Tihrān: Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr.ISBN 978-964-331-366-1.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  4. ^"The Saljuqids".Encyclopædia Iranica.
  5. ^Tetley, G.E (2009). Hillenbrand, Carole (ed.).The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–16.ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4.
  6. ^Fleet, Kate (2009).The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1(PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
  7. ^Grousset, Rene,The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran…", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
  8. ^Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of theSaljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")
  9. ^Peacock, A. C. S. (2010).Early Seljūq history : a new interpretation. London: Routledge. p. 27.ISBN 978-0-203-85695-6.OCLC 828533970.
  10. ^Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi (2018). "Selçukluların Kökeni" [Origin of the Seljuks]. In Turan, Refik (ed.).Selçuklu Tarihi El Kitabı [Seljuk History Handbook] (in Turkish). Grafiker Yayınları. pp. 19–37.
  11. ^Golden, Peter (2007). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". In Golden, Peter; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Roná-Tas, András (eds.).The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Brill. p. 159.
  12. ^Concise Britannica OnlineSeljuq DynastyArchived 2007-01-14 at theWayback Machine article
  13. ^The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK)
  14. ^Shaw, Stanford.History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (LINK)
  15. ^Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209
  16. ^Wink, Andre,Al Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World Brill Academic Publishers, 1996,ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5 p. 9
  17. ^Islam: An Illustrated History, p. 51
  18. ^abMichael Adas,Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.
  19. ^Bosworth, C.E.The Ghaznavids: 994–1040, Edinburgh University Press, 1963, 242.
  20. ^Tony Jaques,Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.
  21. ^abO. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries",Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
  22. ^abEncyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINKArchived 2007-12-19 at theWayback Machine): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
  23. ^abM. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", inMesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–169
  24. ^M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu",Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
  25. ^F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", inHistory of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov andC.E. Bosworth;UNESCO Publishing,Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."
  26. ^Bosworth, C.E.; Hillenbrand, R.; Rogers, J.M.; Blois, F.C. de; Bosworth, C.E.; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids,"Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009: "Culturally, the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East. Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper, the Seljuqs with no high-level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own – took over that of Persia, so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia. The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid, and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab; the Persian imprint inOttoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century.
  27. ^Ehsan Yarshater, "Iran" inEncyclopedia Iranica: "The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called "the Persian intermezzo" (see Minorsky, 1932, p. 21), when Iranian dynasties, consisting mainly of the Saffarids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Kakuyids, and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan, ruled most of Iran. By all accounts, weary of the miseries and devastations of never-ending conflicts and wars, Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule, all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness, quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel, headed by such capable and learned viziers as ‘Amid-al-Molk Kondori and Nezam-al-Molk."
  28. ^C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", inUNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, 2000. p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whoseMathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
  29. ^Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."
  30. ^abcdefghSevim, Ali (1993)."ÇAĞRI BEY"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8 (Ci̇lve – Dârünnedve) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 183–186.ISBN 978-975-389-435-7.
  31. ^abcdeSümer, Faruk (2009)."SELÇUKLULAR"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365–371.ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  32. ^Black, Jeremy (2005).The Atlas of World History. American Edition, New York: Covent Garden Books. pp. 65, 228.ISBN 978-0-7566-1861-2. This map varies from other maps which are slightly different in scope, especially along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
  33. ^abZahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî,Selcûḳnâme, (Muhammed Ramazânî Publications),Tahran 1332, p. 10.
  34. ^abReşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî,Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ, (Ahmed Ateş Publications),Ankara 1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.
  35. ^abRâvendî, Muhammed b. Ali,Râhatü’s-sudûr, (Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85.
  36. ^abMüstevfî,Târîḫ-i Güzîde, (Nevâî Publications), p. 426.
  37. ^Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016).MÛSÂ YABGU. Vol. EK-2.Istanbul:TDVİslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 324–325.
  38. ^abcdSevim, Ali (2010).SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I(PDF). Vol. 38.Istanbul:TDVİslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 103–105.ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3.
  39. ^abcFaruk Sümer (2002).KUTALMIŞ(PDF). Vol. 26.Istanbul:TDVİslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 480–481.ISBN 978-9-7538-9406-7.
  40. ^abOsman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016)."MÛSÂ YABGU".TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325.ISBN 978-975-389-889-8.
  41. ^Beyhakī,Târîḫ, (Behmenyâr), p. 71.
  42. ^abcdefghSümer, Faruk (2009).ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI(PDF). Vol. 36.Istanbul:TDVİslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384.ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
  43. ^Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2002).KAVURD BEY(PDF). Vol. 25.Istanbul:TDVİslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 73–74.ISBN 978-9-7538-9403-6.
  44. ^abcdefSümer, Faruk (2009).Kirman Selçuks(PDF). Vol. 36.Istanbul:TDVİslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379.ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
  45. ^abcdeBezer, Gülay Öğün (2011)."TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMÛD I"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzi̇mat – Teveccüh) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 510.ISBN 978-975-389-652-8.Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I).Cite error: The named reference "TerkenHatun" was defined multiple times with different content (see thehelp page).
  46. ^abcdefghÖzaydın, Abdülkerim (2004)."MELİKŞAH"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 54–57.ISBN 978-975-389-415-9.
  47. ^abcdÖzaydın, Abdülkerim (1992)."BERKYARUK"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 514–516.ISBN 978-975-389-432-6.
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  49. ^Enverî,Düstûrnâme-i Enverî, pp. 78-80, 1464.
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  51. ^abÖzaydın, Abdülkerim (2003)."MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371–372.ISBN 978-975-389-408-1.
  52. ^abSümer, Faruk (2012)."TUĞRUL I"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341–342.ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
  53. ^abSümer, Faruk (2004)."MES'ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349–351.ISBN 978-975-389-415-9.
  54. ^abSümer, Faruk (1991)."ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404–406.ISBN 978-975-389-430-2.
  55. ^Sümer, Faruk (2012)."Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344.ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
  56. ^Shukurov, Rustam (2016).The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461. BRILL. pp. 108–109.ISBN 978-9004307759.
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  58. ^abcOsman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016)."MÛSÂ YABGU".TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325.ISBN 978-975-389-889-8.
  59. ^abSevim, Ali (1991)."ATSIZ b. UVAK"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4 (Âşik Ömer – Bâlâ Külli̇yesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 92-93.ISBN 978-975-389-431-9.
  60. ^abcSümer, Faruk (2002)."KUTALMIŞ"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 26 (Ki̇li̇ – Kütahya) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 480–481.ISBN 978-975-389-406-7.
  61. ^Beyhakī,Târîḫ, (Behmenyâr), p. 71.
  62. ^Alptekin, Coşkun (1989)."AKSUNGUR"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2 (Ahlâk – Amari̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 196.ISBN 978-975-389-429-6.
  63. ^abcdefghijklmnopSümer, Faruk (2009)."KİRMAN SELÇUKLULARI"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 377-379.ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  64. ^Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2012)."TUTUŞ"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 446–449.ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
  65. ^abcdefSümer, Faruk (2009)."SELÇUKS of Syria"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 385–386.ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  66. ^Sümer, Faruk (1991)."ARSLAN ARGUN"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 399-400.ISBN 978-975-389-430-2.
  67. ^Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2005)."MUHAMMED TAPAR"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 30 (Misra – Muhammedi̇yye) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 579–581.ISBN 978-975-389-402-9.
  68. ^Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2009)."AHMED SENCER"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 507–511.ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  69. ^Sümer, Faruk (2012)."Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"(PDF).TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344.ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dietrich, Richard (2018). "The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks".Turkish Historical Review.9 (1):54–70.doi:10.1163/18775462-00901002.hdl:11511/41747.
  • Grousset, Rene (1988).The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 147.ISBN 978-0-8135-0627-2.
  • Previté-Orton, C. W. (1971).The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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