Selichot (Hebrew:סְלִיחוֹת,romanized: səliḥoṯ,singular:סליחה,səliḥā) areJewish penitential poems and prayers, especially those said in the period leading up to theHigh Holidays, and onfast days. TheThirteen Attributes of Mercy are a central theme throughout these prayers.

In theSephardic tradition, recital of Selichot in preparation for theHigh Holidays begins on the second day of the Hebrew month ofElul. In theAshkenazi tradition, in years where the first day ofRosh Hashanah begins on a Thursday or Saturday, selichot are recited from the Saturday night before Rosh Hashanah. If, however, the first day of Rosh Hashanah falls on a Monday or Tuesday, selichot are recited from the Saturday night more than a week before Rosh Hashanah to ensure that it is recited at least four times. This may be because originally the pious would fast for ten days during the season of repentance, and four days before Rosh Hashanah were added to compensate for the four of theTen Days of Repentance on which fasting is forbidden – the two days ofRosh Hashanah,Shabbat Shuvah, and the day precedingYom Kippur—and, while the fasts are observed by very few today, the Selichot that accompanied them have been retained. Alternatively, the Rosh Hashanah liturgy includes the Biblical phrase "you shall observe a burnt offering", and like an offering which needs to be scrutinised for defects for four days, so too four days of self-searching are needed before the day of judgment.^[2]

In theItalian rite, selichot always begin on a Monday or Thursday shortly before Rosh Hashanah. If Rosh Hashanah falls on Monday, they begin the previous Monday. If Rosh Hashanah falls on a Tuesday, they begin on the Monday eight days before. If Rosh Hashana falls on Thursday, they begin the previous Thursday. If Rosh Hashanah falls on Shabbat, they begin the Monday of that week.^[3]

Selichot refers to both thepiyyutim that compose the service as well as to the service itself. In most Sephardic communities, selichot services are identical each day. However, someNorth African communities recited different selichot on Mondays, Thursdays and Shabbat, following the order inSiftei Renanot, while keeping the "standard" order on days without Torah Reading.^[4] In the Eastern Ashkenazic tradition, although the text and length of specific prayers varies from day to day, the overall format remains the same and is prefaced byAshrei (Psalms 145) and the Half-Kaddish. In the Western Ashkenazic tradition, there is similarly an overall format, but it begins with Adon Olam or Lecha Hashem Ha'Tzedaka, and the Half-Kaddish follows the first set of the thirteen attributes.^[5]

Selichot are usually recited between midnight and dawn. Some recite it at night after theMaariv prayer, or in the morning beforeShacharit, due to the convenience of synagogue attendance when a prayer is already taking place there.^{[citation needed]}

The most popular night of Selichot in the Ashkenazi tradition is the first night, when many women and girls as well as men and boys attend the late-night service on Saturday night. In some communities, thehazzan wears akittel and sings elaborate melodies. In some congregations, it is not unusual for achoir to participate in this first night's service.^[6] In the Eastern Ashkenazic tradition, this night also has more Selichot than any other night prior to Rosh Hashanah eve. The other nights are sometimes more sparsely attended and those services are often led by a layperson, rather than a trained musician, and with melodies that are less elaborate than the first night.

In addition to the Selichot of the High Holiday period, the recitation of Selichot on Yom Kippur itself is the centerpiece and most important part of the liturgy,^[7] recited in all of the prayers of the day. Beginning in the late 19th Century,^[8] many communities in Eastern Europe stopped reciting Selichot except at Maariv and Neilah.^[9] Western Ashkenazic communities, as well as a small number of Eastern Ashkenazic communities, maintain the recitation of Selichot in all of the prayers of Yom Kippur. Italian rite communities recite Selichot on Yom Kippur in all of the prayers except Musaf. Sephardic communities also recite Selichot at all of the prayers of Yom Kippur, although they recite them after the Chazzan's repetition rather than as a part of it.

Categories of Selichot in the Ashkenazic tradition may include:

• Selichah (סליחה 'forgiveness') – This is the default Selichah and comprises the vast majority of the Selichot service. These can be subdivided into categories ofSheinya (with two line stanzas),Shelishiya (with three line stanzas) andShalmonit (with four line stanzas).
• Pizmon (פזמון 'chorus') – These central Selichot vary according to the day and contain a chorus which is repeated after each stanza.
• Akeidah (עקידה 'binding', a word which specifically refers to theBinding of Isaac) – This Selichah contains the theme of theAkeidah as a merit for God answering our prayers. In the Ashkenazic selichot rites, these poems are recited on the eve of Rosh Hashanah, during the Ten Days of Repentance, and on Yom Kippur itself (but not during the first days of selichot prior to the eve of Rosh Hashanah). Depending on the specific rite, these poems are recited immediately before or immediately after the Pizmon.
• Chatanu (חטאנו 'we have sinned') – Starting on the evening before Rosh Hashanah [and in the Western rites, even on the first days] and continuing through Yom Kippur, this Selichah is said after the final recitation of the Thirteen Attributes and before theVidui confessional. It contains as its refrain,"חטאנו צורנו סלח לנו יוצרנו" ('We have sinned, our Rock; forgive us, our Creator'). Perhaps the most famous Chatanu Selichah is themartyrology from theMidrash Eleh Ezkerah recited in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite duringMusaf on Yom Kippur or at other times in other rites. The recitation of this refrain has been partially or entirely abandoned in many communities.
• Techinah (תחינה 'petition') – It is recited duringTachnun at the very end of the Selichot service. In the Ashkenazic selichot rites, these poems are recited on the eve of Rosh Hashanah and during the Ten Days of Repentance (but generally not during the first days of selichot prior to the eve of Rosh Hashanah).

On minor fast days (including theFast of Behav), most communities recite Selichot at some point during the Shacharit service (as opposed to before Shacharit). In contemporary practice, most communities recite these Selichot after the conclusion of the ShacharitAmidah.^[10][11] In some communities (especially Western Ashkenazic communities, but also some Eastern Ashkenazic communities), the older practice is maintained to insert the recitation of the Selichot of minor fast days in the middle of the blessing for forgiveness (סלח לנו כי חטאנו) in the repetition of the Shacharit Amidah. The content of many of these prayers is related to the specific fast day.

In Ashkenazic communities, Selichot are recited on theFast of Gedaliah only before the prayer service like the selichot of the High Holidays; in many Sephardic communities, additional selichot are recited after the Amidah just like any other fast day. Selichot are not recited in any community today on the major fast day ofTisha B'Av, although they were recited by theGeonim of Babylonia.^[12]

In addition to High Holidays and Fast Days, there were communities that recited Selichot onHoshana Rabbah.^[13]

Additionally, in the early modern period, there were "shomerim la-boker societies" which recited Selichot on every day of the year thatTachanun is recited.^[14]

Until approximately the 15th century, there was no set order for selichot, and the chazzan in each community would pick which piyyutim to recite each day.^[15] Beginning in the 15th century, each region of the Ashkenazic world developed its own order. There are at least thirteen Ashkenazic printed rites for selichot:^[16]

The following eight are variations of the Western Ashkenazic rite:

1. Frankfurt and its surroundings^[17]
2. Alsace^[18]
3. Italian Ashkenazim^[19]
4. Nuremberg andFürth^[20]
5. Switzerland andSwabia^[21]
6. Worms^[22]
7. Cologne^[23]
8. Floß^[24]

The following five are variations of the Eastern Ashkenazic rite:

1. Poland (Polin)^[25]
2. Bohemia,Moravia,Silesia, andHungary^[26]
3. Lithuania andSamogitia (Lita and Zamut)^[27]
4. Poznań andGrodno^[28]
5. Old Synagogue inPrague^[29]

Among 21st century Ashkenazi Jewish communities, the Polin and Lita variations are dominant, although Bohemia is the most common in England. Some associate Lita withNusach Ashkenaz and Polin withNusach Sefard, likely because in early 20th Century most Jews in Poland had adopted Nusach Sefard, whereas most Jews in Lithuania maintained Nusach Ashkenaz. However, the differences between Polin and Lita Selichot have origins over a hundred years before the advent of Nusach Sefard, and the minhagim were geographic rather than ideological.Chabad recites Selichot according to Nusach Lita because they are from Lithuania, and there are Polishmitnagdim who recite Selichot according to Nusach Polin.

The poems recited in the major variations, with their assigned numbers, for the days proceeding Rosh Hashanah and the Ten Days of Repentance (but not including the Selichot for the prayers of Yom Kippur itself) as well as for the threefoldFast of Behav, are as follows (page numbers in superscript to the right):

• Chabad.org: Selichot
• Jewish Virtual Library: Selichot
• Text of Selichot (Ashkenazi Lita rite) with English translation

• Elul
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• Yom Kippur
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