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Self-propelled artillery (also calledlocomotive artillery) isartillery equipped with its own propulsion system to move toward its firing position. Within the terminology are the self-propelled gun, self-propelledhowitzer,self-propelled mortar, and self-propelledrocket artillery. They are high-mobility vehicles, usually based oncontinuous tracks carrying either a largefield gun,howitzer,mortar, or some form ofrocket/missile launcher. They are usually used for long-rangeindirectbombardment support on the battlefield.
In the past, self-propelled artillery has includeddirect-fire vehicles, such asassault guns andtank destroyers, which were typically well-armoured vehicles often based upon the chassis of atank. In lieu of the standard tank's general-purposemain gun that fired both high-explosive and anti-tank ammunition, direct-fire vehicles had specialized roles, with assault guns providing close fire-support for infantry and tank destroyers mounting ananti-tank gun to take on enemy armour.
Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles often mount their main gun in aturret on a tracked chassis so they superficially resemble tanks. However, they are generally lightly armoured, which is insufficient to withstand direct-fire combat; nonetheless this protects their crews againstshrapnel andsmall arms and therefore they are usually included asarmoured fighting vehicles. Many are equipped withmachine guns for defense against enemy infantry.
The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before the towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and set up the guns. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought—usually towed—to the new location. By comparison, self-propelled artillery can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. Thisshoot-and-scoot ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance in open battlefields.[1]
Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be deployed in areas that self-propelled guns cannot reach. Since theVietnam War, heavytransport helicopters have also been used for rapid artillery deployment albeit at considerable expense and risk, mitigating one of towed artillery's disadvantages. Both self-propelled and towed artillery remain in thearsenals of many modern armies.[1]
During theThirty Years' War, early 17th-century experiments were made with early types ofhorse artillery. Batteries towed light field guns where most or all of the crew rode horses into battle. The gunners were trained to quickly dismount, deploy the guns and provide instant fire support to cavalry, and act as a flexible reserve. TheRussian army organized small units of horse artillery that were distributed among their cavalry formations in the early 18th century. While not forming large batteries and employing only lighter 2- and 3-pound guns, they were still effective and inflicted serious losses toPrussian units in theSeven Years' War. This inspiredFrederick the Great to organize the first regular horse artillery unit in 1759. Other nations quickly realized the capability of the new arm and by the start ofFrench Revolutionary Wars in 1790s Austria, Hannover, Portugal, Russia, France, Great Britain and Sweden had all formed regular units of horse artillery. The arm was employed throughout theNapoleonic Wars and remained in use throughout the entire 19th century and into the first half of the 20th century, when advances in weapons technology finally made it obsolete.[2]
Zamburak was a specialized form of self-propelled artillery from theearly modern period. It featured smallswivel guns to be mounted and fired from the back of camels. It was used by theIslamic gunpowder empires, especially those of Iran, especially in the ruggedIranian plateau, where the transportation of heavy cannons is difficult.[3]
The BritishGun Carrier Mark I was the first example of a self-propelled gun, fielded in 1917 duringWorld War I. It was based on the firsttank, the BritishMark I and carried a heavy field gun. The gun could either be fired from the vehicle, or removed and set up as normal. In effect, the carrier replaced the use of a separate horse team or internal combustion engine-poweredartillery tractor, and allowed a new way for the gun to be used.
The next major advance can be seen in theBirch gun developed by the British for their motorised warfare experimental brigade (theExperimental Mechanized Force) after the end of the War. This mounted an 18-pounder field gun, capable of both the usual artillery trajectories and high-angleanti-aircraft fire, on a Vickers medium tank chassis. It was designed and built for investigations into a general approach to warfare where all arms, infantry and artillery included, would be able to operate over the same terrain as tanks. TheRed Army also experimented with truck- and tank-mounted artillery, but produced none in quantity.
At the outbreak of World War II, virtually all artillery was still being moved around by artillery tractors or horses. While the GermanBlitzkrieg doctrine called for combined-arms action, which required fire support for armoured units, during the invasion of Poland and France this was provided by the Luftwaffe usingJunkers Ju 87 'Stuka'dive-bombers effectively acting as artillery. Conventional towed howitzers followed.
As the war progressed, most nations developed self-propelled artillery. Some early attempts were often no more than a field gun or anti-tank gun mounted on a truck—a technique known in the British Army as carryingportee. These were mobile, but lacked protection for the crew. The next step was to mount the guns on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provide an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. Many of the early designs were improvised, and the lessons learned led to better designs later in the war. For example, the first British design, "Bishop", carried the25 pdr gun-howitzer on aValentine tank chassis, but in a mounting that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effectiveSexton.
The first battery of self-propelled artillery guns was created when HauptmannAlfred Becker, a mechanical engineer and battery captain in the227th Infantry Division, mounted his10.5 cm leFH 16 howitzers on the chassis of captured BritishVickers Mk.VI light tanks to mobilize his guns.[4] His10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e) was the forerunner to German tracked field guns such as theWespe andHummel.
The Germans also mobilized their anti-tank guns, using light, obsolete or captured tracked vehicles. Examples include theMarder I, using captured FrenchLorraine 37L tractors, theMarder II, using thePanzer II light tank chassis, and theMarder III, which was based on thePanzer 38(t) Czech chassis. These led to better-protectedassault guns –Sturmgeschütz – with fully enclosedcasemates, built on medium tank chassis. In the same way self-propelled anti-tank guns such as theJagdpanzer IV andJagdpanther were built. Some designs were based on existing chassis (such as theBrummbär), leftover chassis from cancelled programs (Elefant andSturer Emil); others were converted from battle-damaged tanks (Sturmtiger). The single most-produced armored fighting vehicle design for Germany in WW II, theSturmgeschütz III (StuG III) assault gun, in 1936–1937 pioneered the later casemate-style fully enclosed armor that would be used on almost all late-war German self-propelled artillery andJagdpanzer-format tank destroyers.
The Soviets experimented with truck- and tank-based self-propelled weapons, producing a few Komsomolets tractor-mounted 57 mmZiS-2 guns early in the war. By 1943, the series ofSamokhodnaya Ustanovka casemate-armored vehicles had started to appear at the front, starting with theSU-85, and by late 1944 theSU-100, which mounted powerful guns on modern chassis adopting the full-casemate enclosure of the crew compartment as the Germans had done with the StuG III. These had the advantage of being relatively cheap to build and mounting a larger gun compared to the conventional tank that they were derived from, but at the expense of flexibility.
Heavily armouredassault guns were designed to provide direct-fire support to infantry in the face of enemy defenses. Although often similar to tank destroyers, they carried larger-caliber guns with weaker anti-armor performance but capable of firing powerfulHE projectiles. The German 105 mm howitzer-armedStuH 42 based on the StuG III, and the immense 152 mm howitzer-armed, SovietISU-152, both fully casemated in their design, are examples of this type of self-propelled artillery.
All major nations developed self-propelled artillery that would be able to provide indirect support while keeping pace with advancing armoured formations. These were usually lightly armoured vehicles with an open-topped hull; the AmericanM7 Priest, the BritishSexton (25 pdr) and the GermanWespe andHummel being typical examples. A different route was chosen by the Soviets, who did not develop a specialized indirect-fire vehicle, but following a tradition of dual-purpose towed artillery, built a series of versatile assault guns with indirect-fire capabilities (exampleISU-152). A related and novel program was the development of the SovietKatyusha self-propelledmultiple rocket launchers, which were unarmored trucks with a simple rocket rack on the back, a cheap and crushingly effective weapon, provided area saturation was called for rather than accurate fire. The Axis powers had captured the Katyusha and made their own versions; Germany created the8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer, while Romania developed theMareșal tank destroyer, an early prototype of which was armed with a Katyusha. It also had self-propelled howitzer versions.[5][6]
After the end ofWorld War II, the assault gun fell from use with a general trend towards a single heavy gun-equipped vehicle, themain battle tank, although some wheeled AFVs such as the South AfricanRooikat, theManeuver Combat Vehicle of theJGSDF, and the USM1128 MGS, among others, are still developed with large-caliber, direct-fire weapons. Self-propelled indirect-fire artillery remains important and continues to develop alongside the general-purpose field gun.
Many vehicles have used ancillarysmoke mortars for local defense, which project one or more smoke grenades in a pattern that allows them to lay down a smoke screen some distance in order to conceal the vehicle from enemy observers. Mortar carriers are vehicles which carry amortar as a primary weapon. Numerous vehicles have been used to mount mortars, fromimprovised civilian trucks used byinsurgents, to modifiedinfantry fighting vehicles, such as variants of theM3 half track andM113 APC, to vehicles specifically intended to carry a mortar, such as the2S31 Vena. TheIsraeli Makmat is a mortar carrier based on theM4 Sherman tank chassis.
TheRussian army uses a2S4 Tyulpan (Tulip) self-propelled 240 mm heavy mortar. Patria Hägglunds, a joint venture between FinnishPatria and SwedishBAE Systems Hägglunds, manufacturesAMOS (Advanced Mortar System), which is a 120 mm automatic twin-barrelled,breech-loaded mortar turret. There are also numerous AFVs and even main battle tanks that can be equipped with a mortar, either outside or inside the cabin. The IsraeliMerkava main battle tank carried a 60 mm mortar in the small troop compartment in the rear, which fired through an opening in the roof, allowing the crew to remain protected. This was useful for fighting nearby infantry, as a mortar is shorter-ranged and cheaper to shoot than the large main gun, as well as being better suited to wounding enemy infantry taking cover behind objects. However, since the mortar is only a secondary weapon in this case, the Merkava is not considered a mortar carrier.
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Self-propelled artillery remains important in the equipment of many modern armies. It saw a significant role throughout theCold War era conflicts and in the 1991Gulf War.
Modern SP artillery is highly computerized, with the ability to self-survey firing positions using systems such asGPS andinertial navigation systems. This, in conjunction with digitalfire control/ballistic computers and digital communications, allows individual guns to disperse over a wide area and stilldeliver rounds on target simultaneously with the other guns in their battery.
These capabilities also increase survivability manyfold as modern SP artillery can displace and avoidcounterbattery fire much more quickly and effectively and, if desired, more frequently than previously possible. In conjunction with modern logistic systems (where the SP gun's systems can track and report on ammunition consumption and levels) with similar navigation systems andpalletizedload dropping/lifting capabilities mean that the rapid displacement can occur without significant disruption to actually firing missions as it is possible for the ammunition to keep up with the guns.
A modern battery of six guns, each firing 43 kg projectiles with a burstfiring speed of four rounds per minute, can deliver over atonne of ordnance per minute for up to four minutes. This is an immense weight of fire, which can be delivered with very high accuracy.
One example of the increased firepower provided by modern mobile howitzers is the latest version of the 155 mmG6 howitzer, the G6-52. It can fire up to six rounds in quick succession that will land nearly simultaneously. This is achieved by firing the shells at different trajectories so that the first round has the longest flight time and the last round the shortest. This is an improvement of the concept ofmultiple-round simultaneous impact (MRSI), itself an enhancement of the earlier TOT (time on target) concept. The necessary rapid reloading is made possible by an automated ammunition feed system.[citation needed]
Rockets have greater ranges and carry much more complex "shells" than guns, since there is less restriction on size (calibre). A multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) can be used to saturate a large area with sub-munitions.
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