 American federal building art projects | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 1934 (1934) |
| Dissolved | 1943 |
| Parent agency | United States Department of the Treasury |
| Child agency | |
The TreasurySection of Painting and Sculpture was aNew Deal art project established on October 16, 1934, and administered by the Procurement Division of theUnited States Department of the Treasury.
Commonly known as the Section, it was renamed theSection of Fine Arts in 1939. Its primary mission was the embellishment of public buildings — including manyUnited States post offices — through site-specific murals and sculptures commissioned on a competitive basis. The program all but ceased to operate in 1942, and was officially terminated on July 15, 1943.[1][2]
Like theWorks Progress Administration (WPA), the Section was part of a government project aimed at providing work for Americans throughout theGreat Depression during the 1930s. The Section's main function was to select high-quality art to decorate public buildings in the form ofmurals, making art accessible to all people. Because post offices were usually visited by everyone, they were the places selected to display these projects. Commissioned artists were provided with the guidelines and themes for each project, and scenes of local interest and events were generally represented. The muralist movement was inspired by theMexican muralists, but Section murals did not portray the harsh social or economic realities of the time. Rather, they celebrated historical events and courageous acts. Many of these murals have disappeared, or fallen into disrepair, and others have been restored thanks to renewed interest in their historical and artistic significance.[3] Painters of these murals includeRalf Henricksen,Henrietta Shore, andSuzanne Scheuer.
In existence during the Great Depression in the United States, the Section of Painting and Sculpture was apublic-art program administered by the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department as part of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt'sNew Deal. Like other New Deal public-art programs, the Section (as it was commonly called) was designed to increase employment among artists, but it was unusual in awarding commissions competitively, based on artistic talent. In total, the Section commissioned more than 1,300 murals and 300 sculptures, many of which were placed inpost offices throughout the United States.[4]
The Section was created in 1934 and led byEdward Bruce. Bruce had also led the Treasury Department'sPublic Works of Art Project, the first federal art program, created in 1933 after American painterGeorge Biddle suggested the idea to President Roosevelt. Other federal art programs followed, including theFederal Art Project (created in 1935 by the WPA, an independently operating federal agency) and theTreasury Relief Art Project (created in 1935 with funds granted by the WPA to the Treasury Department).[5] The Section of Painting and Sculpture was renamed as the Section of Fine Arts in 1939 and operated until 1942.
The Section’s primary objective was to "secure suitable art of the best quality available for the embellishment of public buildings." Artworks created under the Section of Fine Arts were site-specific murals and sculptures for newly constructed federal buildings and post offices. About 1% of the costs of each new federal building was set aside to fund the program.[3] Despite being categorized as “work-relief,” Section of Fine Arts commissions were chosen by anonymous competition and awarded government contracts “as in any other government job.”[6] Between 1934 and 1938, the Section awarded 375 contracts worth $537,000.[6]
Unlike the other New Deal art programs, the Section awarded commissions through competitions and paid artists a lump sum for their work. Competitions were open to all artists, regardless of economic status, and artists' proposals were reviewed without identifying the name of the artist who had made the submission.[3]
The Section sought entries that reflected local interests and events, and the Section encouraged the artists to think of the communities, not the Section, as the artists' "patron."[3] Indeed, artists awarded commissions were encouraged to visit the community to ensure that their murals reflected the community. Although many of the artists did not make such visits, artists commonly corresponded with the town (as well as the Post Office Department and the Section). Some local communities rejected the approved designs, and the artists would work to respond to these concerns and save their commissions.[3]
The program also encouraged artists to reflect the building’s function. For example, the now-William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, constructed in the early 1930s as the headquarters for the U.S. Post Office Department and one of the first buildings to receive works of art under this program, contains 25 murals created with support from the Section intended to depict the history of mail delivery and the settlement of theAmerican West. These murals have been the subject of complaints about stereotypes of women, Native Americans, African Americans, and rural Americans, which were addressed by theGeneral Services Administration.[7]
In 1939, under theReorganization Act, all Treasury Department and WPA arts programs were incorporated into theFederal Works Agency, but the outbreak ofWorld War II and other factors were soon to end the programs. Edward Bruce died of a heart attack in January 1943. By the end of 1943, all of the New Deal art programs had been shut down.
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