| Commission overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 1912; 1983 |
| Dissolved | 1920 (de facto); 1950 (de jure); 1990 |
| Superseding commission | |
| Jurisdiction | Commonwealth of Australia |
| Commission executive |
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| Key documents |
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TheInter-State Commission, orInterstate Commission, is a defunctconstitutional body underAustralian law. The envisaged chief functions of the Inter-State Commission were to administer and adjudicate matters relating tointerstate trade. The Commission was established in 1912, became dormant in 1920, was abolished in 1950, re-established in 1983, and absorbed into theIndustry Commission in 1989.
TheConstitution of Australia contains the following provisions relating to the envisaged body:
101. There shall be an Inter-State Commission, with such powers of adjudication and administration as the Parliament deems necessary for the execution and maintenance, within the Commonwealth, of the provisions of this Constitution relating to trade and commerce, and of all laws made thereunder.
102. The Parliament may by any law with respect to trade or commerce forbid, as to railways, any preference or discrimination by any State, or by any authority constituted under a State, if such preference or discrimination is undue and unreasonable, or unjust to any State; due regard being had to the financial responsibilities incurred by any State in connexion with the construction and maintenance of its railways. But no preference or discrimination shall, within the meaning of this section, be taken to be undue and unreasonable, or unjust to any State, unless so adjudged by the Inter-State Commission.
103. The members of the Inter-State Commission:
- (i) shall be appointed by the Governor-General in Council;
- (ii) shall hold office for seven years, but may be removed within that time by the Governor-General in Council, on an address from both Houses of the Parliament in the same session praying for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity;
- (iii) shall receive such remuneration as the Parliament may fix; but such remuneration shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
104. Nothing in this Constitution shall render unlawful any rate for the carriage of goods upon a railway, the property of a State, if the rate is deemed by the Inter-State Commission to be necessary for the development of the territory of the State, and if the rate applies equally to goods within the State and to goods passing into the State from other States.
Section 73 provides that appeals onquestions of law can be made on decisions of the Inter-State Commission to theHigh Court
At the firstConstitutional Convention in Sydney in 1891, considerable debate occurred over the issue of freedom in interstate trade, especially over the abuses arising fromdifferential and preferential railway rates being put into effect inNew South Wales andVictoria. One delegate remarked that "'Nothing has caused more friction than the practice of imposing differential railway rates and so filching trade from a neighbouring colony ... in fact I know of no other cause of strong feeling between the people of these different communities than that which has arisen from commerce."[1] The later 1897 convention also saw concerns expressed over the effect such predatory rates were having on the river trade,[1] promptingRichard O'Connor to declare that interstate free trade would require institutional, as well as constitutional,[a] protection.[1] The proposal was strongly endorsed by the Convention, and it was later described bySir John Quick as being a "necessary adjunct to the Constitution".[2] It was seen as being similar in nature to the USInterstate Commerce Commission and the UKRailway and Canal Commission.[3][4]
WhileWilliam Lyne, in his role as the firstMinister for Home Affairs, had been working on a draft Bill as early as January 1901 to establish the Commission,[5] fiscal pressures brought on by the Braddon Clause[b] discouraged efforts to assure its passage before 1911, as its establishment was viewed to be a luxury.[7] Lobbying efforts by the Australian shipping industry, incensed that the Commission's scope would includeocean navigation, also contributed to the delay.[8] As a result, the initial Bill lapsed in 1902.[8]
No attempts were made during theSecond Parliament of Australia, owing to the House seats split almost evenly between theProtectionist Party, theFree Trade Party and the newLabour Party.[9][c]
The next effort to consider the proposal occurred in theThird Parliament of Australia in 1909, when SenatorSir Robert Best introduced the corresponding bill. It failed to proceed, notably because it was also intended to be anindustrial tribunal with power to decide whether certain Stateindustrial awards constituted unfair business competition between the States,[11] but the States declined to pass the necessary legislation under thereferral power to make the Commission work.[11]
The commission's establishment occurred during theFourth Parliament of Australia, at which time State practices concerning interstate rivalry and discrimination were becoming quite blatant.[12] Prime MinisterAndrew Fisher pushed through the appropriate implementing legislation[13] in 1912.[12]
In 1913, the newly electedCook government appointedAlbert Piddington as Chief Commissioner, joiningGeorge Swinburne andSir Nicholas Lockyer.[14]
In addition to wide powers of investigation,[15] theInter-State Commission Act 1912 granted the Commission judicial power which was broad in scope:
24. The Commission shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any complaint, dispute, or question, and to adjudicate upon any matter arising as to—
- (a) any preference, advantage, prejudice, disadvantage, or discrimination given or made by any State or by any State authority or by any common carrier in contravention of this Act, or of the provisions of the Constitution relating to trade and commerce or any law made thereunder;
- (b) the justice or reasonableness of any rate in respect of inter-state commerce, or affecting such commerce;
- (c) anything done or omitted to be done by any State or by any State Authority or by any common carrier or by any person in contravention of this Act or of the provisions of the Constitution relating to trade or commerce or any law made thereunder.
TheHigh Court of Australia disagreed in 1915, ruling by 4–2 in theWheat Case[16] that the Constitution implicitly created aseparation of powers, and therefore judicial power can only be vested in thejudiciary.[d] Furthermore, it was held that Chapter Three of the Constitution had the effect that a court must have the following features:
The Commission as it then existed violated all three criteria. Hence, as it was not part of the judiciary (i.e., not a "Chapter Three Court"), it could not be vested with judicial power. As a result, thes. 73 provision providing for appeals on questions of law from the Commission to theHigh Court has been 'dead letter law' for most of the Court's history.
Having lost its judicial power in 1915, the Commission "became a body of inquiry without any power of enforcing its decisions."[20] The Commission, without any real purpose, lapsed in 1920 when the terms of the initial Commissioners expired and new appointments were not made.[21] Although there was discussion in the 1930s about reviving the Commission[22] (and a bill on that matter actually received Senate passage in 1938[23]), nothing came about, and the Act itself was formally repealed in 1950.[24]
The Commission was reconstituted by theWhitlam Government in 1975 with the envisaged role of inquiring into transport issues that arose due to the federal structure of the Australian government.[25] Issues on the agenda includedVictorian shipping to theRiverina;Bass Strait ferries; and disruptions toFremantle shipping to theeastern states in 1975. In this second incarnation, the Commission did not have any judicial power, but did have powers of arbitration and adjudication, and of investigation and reporting.
The Commission did not become active due to thedismissal of the Whitlam Government. In 1984, following the re-election ofLabor Party underBob Hawke, the Commission received its appointments and was charged with investigating all matters relating to interstate transport. Its first President was the judgeMerv Everett.[26]
In 1990, the Commission was abolished with its functions transferred to a newIndustry Commission,[27] a statutory body directly responsible to the Commonwealth Government.[21]