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Predecessors
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List of parliaments of EnglandList of acts of the Parliament of EnglandParliaments of Great Britain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TheSecond Protectorate Parliament inEngland sat for two sessions from 17 September 1656 until 4 February 1658, withThomas Widdrington as theSpeaker of the House of Commons. In its first session, the House of Commons was its only chamber; in the second session anOther House with a power of veto over the decisions of the Commons was added.
There were two sessions the first from 17 September 1656 until 26 June 1657 and a second from 20 January until 4 February 1658. The SecondProtectorate Parliament was summoned reluctantly by theLord ProtectorOliver Cromwell on the advice of theMajor-Generals who were running the country as regions under military governors. The Major-Generals thought that a compliant parliament would be the best way to raise money to pay for the Army occupation, and the Navy both of which were involved in theAnglo-Spanish War (1654–1660).
The elections were held under the new written constitution calledInstrument of Government. It included returning up to thirty members fromScotland and up to another thirty fromIreland. Royalists and Catholics were prevented from standing or voting under Articles XIV and XV. After the election theCouncil of State stopped one hundred elected members from taking their seats by declaring that they were not "of known integrity, fearing God" (Article VII). A further fifty withdrew in protest which left about two hundred and fifty to take their seats for the first session.
The first session opened in December 1656. The Protectorate government did not have much pressing legislation to present so the House occupied its time with private members bills. However over the next few months three issues would dominate the session. The first was the Militia Bill, the second was the Naylor case and the third was constitutional reform (theHumble Petition and Advice), which was influenced by the failure of the Militia Bill to pass and the Naylor case was to show that the members of Parliament were less religiously tolerant than was constitutionally allowed inInstrument of Government.[1]
The House voted down Major-GeneralJohn Desborough's "Militia Bill" on 29 January 1657 by one hundred and twenty four votes to eighty eight. This bill would have perpetuated the Decimation Tax that funded the mounted militia, which was collected by Cromwell'sMajor-Generals; the failure of the bill caused the so-called rule of the Major-Generals in the counties to end.
With the rejection of the Decimation Tax, it was clear that government through the Major-Generals could not continue. In February 1657 Cromwell was offered the crown and a new constitution called theHumble Petition and Advice.
OnPalm Sunday 1656James Naylor, a Quaker, reenacted the arrival ofChrist inJerusalem by riding a horse intoBristol attended by followers who sang "Holy, holy, holy" and strewed the way with their garments. Although Naylor denied that he was impersonating Jesus, this act outraged many in Parliament in what was seen as an act ofblasphemy. There was consensus in the House that Naylor should be punished. However while the House of Commons could pass, and had in recent times passed,acts of attainder against people, it was questioned whether the House could invoke a judicial procedure like that of the now disbanded House of Lords. After much debate and looking at old precedents, the House concluded that it had the right to act in a judicial capacity.[2] So they tried Naylor and passed the following resolution for his blasphemy:
That James Naylor shall be put in thepillory in the city of Westminster for the space of two hours, on Thursday next, and then be whipped by the hangman through the streets from Westminster to the Old Change, and there be put in the pillory again from the hours of eleven to one on the following Saturday. He shall then have his tongue bored through with a red hot iron, and be branded with the letter B, and sent to Bristol, where he shall be paraded through the city on horseback, with his face backward. From Bristol he shall be brought back to London and sent to the Tower, there to be kept to hard labour by order of Parliament, and be debarred the use of pen, ink, and paper, and have no relief but what he can earn by his daily labour.[3]
After some thought, Cromwell declined the crown as embodied in the Humble Petition. The Naylor case had shown that the members of Parliament were less religiously tolerant than the constitution allowed, and the assumption of judicial powers by the House, worried many in the House, theGrandees in the Army, and Cromwell. So encouraged, Cromwell with the support of the Grandees, pressed the house for asecond chamber.[3]
After modifications had been made to the Humble Petition, Cromwell agreed to the new constitution and in June 1657 he was reinstated as Lord Protector under the articles of theHumble Petition and Advice. Parliament then went into recess for the summer.
The ArmyGrandees agreed to allow the MPs who had been excluded under Article VII of theInstrument of Government to be allowed to take their seats. But to make sure that the House would be compliant to their wishes, Cromwell nominated 63 members to"Other House" permitted by theHumble Petition and Advice, 42 accepted and 37 came to the first meeting.
This triggered a wave of republican protest in the House of Commons which spread to the rank and file of the Army. Amidst fears of aLevellers revival and Royalist plots, under the prerogative granted to the Lord Protector by theHumble Petition and Advice, Oliver Cromwell dissolved Parliament on 4 February 1658.
TheSecond Protectorate Parliament was preceded by theFirst Protectorate Parliament and succeeded by theThird Protectorate Parliament.
FromCromwell:The Oliver Cromwell Website: a select bibliography of books and articles: