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Second Dynasty of Egypt

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Dynasty of ancient Egypt

"Second Dynasty" redirects here. For other uses, seeSecond Dynasty (disambiguation).

Second Dynasty of Egypt

c. 2890 BC–c. 2686 BC

Statue ofKhasekhemwy,Ashmolean Museum

Capital

Thinis

Common languages

Egyptian language

Religion

ancient Egyptian religion

Government

Historical era

• Established

• Disestablished

Preceded by

Succeeded by

First Dynasty of Egypt

Third Dynasty of Egypt

Periods anddynasties ofancient Egypt

All years areBC

First Dynasty	I	c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty	II	2890–2686

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty	III	2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty	IV	2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty	V	2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty	VI	2345–2181

First Intermediate

Seventh Dynasty	VII	spurious
Eighth Dynasty	VIII	2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty	IX	2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty	X	2130–2040
EarlyEleventh Dynasty	XI	2134–2061

Middle Kingdom

LateEleventh Dynasty	XI	2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty	XII	1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty	XIII	1803–1649

Second Intermediate

Fourteenth Dynasty	XIV	1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos)	XV	1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty	XVI	1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty		1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty	XVII	1580–1549

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty	XVIII	1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty	XIX	1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty	XX	1189–1077

Third Intermediate

Twenty-first Dynasty	XXI	1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty	XXII	945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty	XXIII	837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty	XXIV	732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian)	XXV	732–653

Late Period

Twenty-sixth Dynasty	XXVI	672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period)	XXVII	525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty	XXVIII	404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty	XXIX	398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty	XXX	380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period)	XXXI	343–332

Hellenistic Egypt

Thirty-second Dynasty	XXXII	332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty	XXXIII	305–30

Roman Egypt

Thirty-fourth Dynasty
(Roman Pharaohs)

XXXIV

30 BC – 313 AD

Byzantine Egypt

Thirty-fifth Dynasty
(speculated)

XXXV

379 AD – 641 AD

See also:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
Periodization of ancient Egypt

TheSecond Dynasty ofancient Egypt (orDynasty II,c. 2890 –c. 2686 BC [1]) is the latter of the two dynasties of theEgyptian Archaic Period, when the seat of government was centred atThinis. It is most known for its last ruler,Khasekhemwy, but is otherwise one of the most obscure periods inEgyptian history.

Though archaeological evidence of the time is very scant, contrasting data from theFirst andThird Dynasties indicates important institutional and economic developments during the Second Dynasty.^[2]^[3]

Rulers

[edit]

For the first three pharaohs, sources are fairly close in agreement and the order is supported by an inscription on the statuette of Hetepdief, who served in the mortuary cults of these three kings.^[4]

Name	Years Reigned	Burial
Hotepsekhemwy	25–29	Gallery Tomb A,Saqqara?
Nebra (also known as Kakau)	10–14	Gallery Tomb A,Saqqara?
Nynetjer	40	Gallery Tomb B,Saqqara

But the identity of the next few rulers is unclear. Surviving sources might be giving theHorus name or theNebty name and the birth names of these rulers. They may also be entirely different individuals, or could be legendary names. This might never be resolved.

It has been theorised that following the reign ofNynetjer, the country was split and ruled by two successors due to the overly complex state administration of the whole of Egypt.^[5]

The following list contains various king names from different sources:

Name	Years reigned (Manetho)^[6]	Notes	Burial
Weneg /Wadjenes	17	Listed as the fourth king of the dynasty on theTurin,Saqqara andAbydos king lists. Only attested inLower Egypt.^[7] Weneg is generally accepted as anebti (or throne) name and it is unknown what hishorus name was.^[8] Theorised to be the same person asRaneb,^[9]Sekhemib-Perenmaat^[10] or a completely separate king from the others of the Second dynasty. Known asTlas inManetho'sAegyptica.^[6]
Senedj	41	Listed as the fifth king of the dynasty on theTurin,Saqqara andAbydos king lists. Horus name unknown. May be identifiable withHorus Sa.^[11] Known asSethenes inManetho'sAegyptica.^[6]
Khaires	17	Mentioned in Manetho'sAegyptica.^[6] Unknown which historical king this name refers to.
Neferkara I	25	Only attested in later documents dated long after the time period of the Second dynasty. Listed as the sixth king of the dynasty in theSaqqara andTurin King lists, but omitted from theAbydos King List. May have only ruledLower Egypt. Known asNephercheres in Manetho'sAegyptica.^[6]
Neferkasokar	48	Only attested in later documents dated long after the time period of the Second dynasty. Listed as the seventh king of the dynasty in theSaqqara andTurin King lists, but omitted from theAbydos King List. May have only ruledLower Egypt. Known asSesochris in Manetho'sAegyptica.^[6]
Hudjefa I	?	Name literally means "erased" or "missing", showing that this king's name was unknown or lost by theNineteenth Dynasty. Listed as the eighth king of the dynasty on theSaqqara Tablet, but omitted from theAbydos King List. May have only ruledLower Egypt. Theorised to be the same person asPeribsen and may have been deliberately omitted.^[12]
Seth-Peribsen	?	Name connected toSeth deity rather than the traditionalHorus. Attested by contemporary inscriptions, but not on later king lists. Only attested inUpper Egypt.^[13]	Tomb P,Umm El Qa'ab
Sekhemib-Perenmaat	?	Attested by contemporary inscriptions, but not on later king lists. May be the same person asSeth-Peribsen^[14] or his immediate successor.^[15]^[16]	Tomb P, Umm El Qa'ab (?)
Nubnefer	?	Birth name of a king, unknown placement. Name does not appear on any known official king lists. May be birth name ofRaneb^[17] or a completely separate ephemeral king who ruled at some point followingNynetjer's reign.^[18]

With the last ruler, the sources return to an agreement:

Name		Years Reigned	Notes	Burial	Consort(s)
Khasekhemwy		17–18	Known asKheneres in Manetho'sAegyptica.^[6] Reigned for 30 years according to Manetho.^[6]	Tomb V, Umm El Qa'ab	Nimaathap

Manetho statesThinis was the capital, as in the First Dynasty, but the first three kings were buried atSaqqara, suggesting the center of power had moved toMemphis. Beyond this, little can be said about the events during this period as the annual records on thePalermo stone only survive to the end of the reign ofNebra and for parts ofNynetjer's. One important event, the unification ofUpper andLower Egypt, might have occurred during the reign ofKhasekhemwy as many Egyptologists read his name as "the Two Powers arise".

Comparison of regnal lists

[edit]


Historical Pharaoh	Abydos King List	Saqqara Tablet	Turin King List	Manetho^[6]
Hotepsekhemwy	Bedjau	Baunetjer	Baunetjer	Boethos
Nebra	Kakau	Kakau	Kakau	Kaiekhos
Nynetjer	Banetjer	Banetjeru	Banetjer	Binothris
Wadjenes	Wadjnas	Wadjlas	[...]s	Tlas
Senedj	Sendi	Senedj	Sened[...]	Sethenes
?	–	–	–	Khaires
Neferkara I	–	Neferkare	Neferka	Nephercheres
Neferkasokar	–	Neferkasokar	Neferkasokar	Sesochris
Hudjefa	–	Hudjefa	–	–
Khasekhemwy	Djadjay	Beby	Bebti	Kheneres

References

[edit]

^Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480.ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
^Romer, John (2013) [2012]. "Chapter 18 – The Lost Dynasty".A History of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. London,ENG: Penguin Books. pp. 221–222.ISBN 978-1-8-4614377-9.Whatever else was taking place at the court of the Second Dynasty of kings, it is clear that the fundamental institutions of pharaonic government, its systems of supply, not only survived throughout that century and a half, but flourished to the extent that, when the kings emerge into the light of history again with the pyramid builders of the Third Dynasty, the state on the lower Nile was more efficient than it had ever been: that there was, therefore, strong institutional continuity.
^Bard, Kathryn A. (2002) [2000]. "Chapter 4 – The Emergence of the Egyptian State". InShaw, Ian (ed.).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (paperback) (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 85.ISBN 978-0-19-280293-4.There is much less evidence for the kings of the 2nd Dynasty than those of the 1st Dynasty until the last two reigns (Peribsen and Khasekhemwy). Given what is known about the early Old Kingdom in the 3rd Dynasty, the 2nd Dynasty must have been a time when the economic and political foundations were put in place for the strongly centralized state, which developed with truly vast resources. Such a major transition, however, cannot be demonstrated from the archaeological evidence for the 2nd Dynasty.
^Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999).Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 83.ISBN 0-415-26011-6.
^Nicolas Grimal:A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim 1994,ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8, p. 55.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱLundström, Peter."The Dynasties of Manetho".Pharaoh.se. Retrieved2024-11-05.
^Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999).Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 88.ISBN 0-415-26011-6.
^Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999).Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 87.ISBN 0-415-26011-6.
^Kahl, Jochem (2007), "Ra is my Lord",Searching for the Rise of the Sun God at the Dawn of Egyptian History, Wiesbaden{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Wolfgang Helck:Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987,ISBN 978-3-447-02677-2, pp. 103–107.
^Von der Way, Thomas (1997), "Zur Datierung des "Labyrinth-Gebäudes" auf dem Tell el-Fara'in (Buto)",Göttinger Miszellen,157:107–111
^Wolfgang Helck:Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit: Ägyptologische Abhandlungen., Volume 45. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1987,ISBN 3-447-02677-4, p. 125.
^Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999).Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 89.ISBN 0-415-26011-6.
^Walter Bryan Emery:Ägypten – Geschichte und Kultur der Frühzeit. Fourier, Munich 1964, p. 106.
^Wolfgang Helck:Untersuchungen zur Thintenzeit. (Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Volume 45), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987,ISBN 3-447-02677-4, pp. 104–111, 183.
^Hermann A. Schlögl:Das Alte Ägypten. Geschichte und Kultur von der Frühzeit bis zu Kleopatra. Verlag C. H. Beck, München 2006,ISBN 3-406-54988-8, p. 78.
^I. E. S. Edwards:The early dynastic period in Egypt; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1964; p. 25.
^Wilkinson, Toby (1999).Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 89.ISBN 0-415-26011-6.

Preceded by

First Dynasty

Dynasty of Egypt
c.2890 –2686 BC

Succeeded by

Third Dynasty

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
XXIII	Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)

Argead

Ptolemaic

Roman
(30 BC–313 AD)

XXXIV

Dynastic genealogies
1^st 2^nd 3^rd 4^th 11^th 12^th 18^th 19^th 20^th 21^st to 23^rd 24^th 25^th 26^th 27^th 30^th 31^st Argead Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs

v t e Second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt
Attested pharaohs	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Weneg Nynetjer Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Khasekhemwy
Obscure pharaoh names	Horus Ba Ba Horus Sa Hudjefa I Neferkara I Neferkasokar Nubnefer Senedj Sneferka Wadjenes
Queens consort	Menka Nimaathap
Other royals	Khenmetptah Satkhnum Sehener Shepset-ipet Wadjitefni (Mesen-ka) Nisuheqet Perneb
Other people	Inykhnum Nefer-Setekh Pehen-Ptah
Monument	Gisr el-Mudir Shunet El Zebib
Capital	Thinis

Queens of ancient Egypt

Protodynastic Period toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaoh uncertain

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Neithhotep Benerib Khenthap Herneith Nakhtneith Penebui Merneith Seshemetka Semat Serethor Betrest
II	Menka Nimaathap

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Hetephernebti Djeseretnebti Djefatnebti Meresankh I
IV	Hetepheres I Meritites I Henutsen Khentetka Meresankh II Hetepheres II Meresankh III Khamerernebty I Persenet Hekenuhedjet Khamerernebty II Rekhetre Bunefer
V	Khentkaus I Neferhetepes Meretnebty Khentkaus II Khentkaus III Reptynub Khuit I Nebunebty Meresankh IV Setibhor Nebet Khenut Nimaathap II
VI	Iput I Khuit II Ankhesenpepi I Ankhesenpepi II Nubwenet Meritites IV Inenek-Inti Nedjeftet Neith Iput II Udjebten Ankhesenpepi III Ankhesenpepi IV Nitocris

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaoh uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Neferu I Neferukayet Iah Tem Neferu II Ashayet Henhenet Sadeh Kawit Kemsit
XII	Neferitatjenen Neferu III Keminub Senet Khenemetneferhedjet I Nofret II Khenmet Khenemetneferhedjet II Neferthenut Meretseger Aat Khenemetneferhedjet III Sobekneferu

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Nofret Nubhetepti Senebhenas Neni Senebsen Tjan Ineni Nubkhaes Aya Abetni Satsobek
XIV	Tati
XVI	Mentuhotep
XVII	Nubemhat Sobekemsaf Haankhes Tetisheri Ahhotep I Ahmose Inhapy Sitdjehuti Ahhotep II

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaoh uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose-Sitkamose Ahmose-Henuttamehu Ahmose-Meritamun Ahmose Mutnofret Hatshepsut Iset Satiah Merytre-Hatshepsut Nebtu Menhet, Menwi and Merti Nebsemi Tiaa Nefertari Iaret Mutemwiya Tiye Gilukhipa Sitamun Iset Tadukhipa /Kiya Nefertiti Meritaten Neferneferuaten Ankhesenamun Tey Mutnedjmet Nebetnehat
XIX	Sitre Tuya Tanedjemet Nefertari Isetnofret Henutmire Maathorneferure Meritamen Bintanath Nebettawy Merytre Isetnofret II Takhat Tausret Tiaa Anuketemheb
XX	Tiy-Merenese Iset Ta-Hemdjert Tyti Tiye Duatentopet Henutwati Tawerettenru Nubkhesbed Baketwernel Tentamun

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Tentamun Mutnedjmet Karimala
XXII	Karomama Penreshnes Maatkare Tashedkhonsu Nesitaudjatakhet Nesitanebetashru Kapes Karomama I Tadibast III
XXIII	Karomama II
XXV	Pebatjma Tabiry Abar Khensa Peksater Arty Qalhata Tabekenamun Takahatenamun Naparaye Atakhebasken Malaqaye

Late Period andHellenistic Period (664–30 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaoh uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Mehytenweskhet Khedebneithirbinet I Takhuit Tentkheta Nakhtubasterau Ladice
XXVII	Atossa Artystone Parmys Amestris Damaspia Parysatis
XXXI	Stateira I

Hellenistic
(332–30 BC)

Argead	Roxana Stateira II Parysatis II Eurydice II of Macedon
Ptolemaic	Eurydice Berenice I Arsinoe I Arsinoe II Berenice II Arsinoe III Cleopatra I Syra Cleopatra II Cleopatra III Cleopatra IV Cleopatra Selene Berenice III Cleopatra V Cleopatra VI Berenice IV Cleopatra VII Arsinoe IV

Dynastic genealogies
1^st 2^nd 3^rd 4^th 11^th 12^th 18^th 19^th 20^th 21^st to 23^rd 24^th 25^th 26^th 27^th 30^th 31^st Ptolemaic

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