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Northern Transcon

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(Redirected fromSeattle Subdivision)
Railroad route in the United States
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TheEmpire Builder crosses the Two Medicine Trestle atEast Glacier Park, Montana on the Hi Line Subdivision in 2011.

TheNorthern Transcon, a route operated by theBNSF Railway, traverses the most northerly route of anyrailroad in the westernUnited States. This route was originally part of theChicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad,Northern Pacific Railway,Great Northern Railway andSpokane, Portland and Seattle Railway systems, merged into theBurlington Northern Railroad system in 1970.

Route

[edit]

The route starts atChicago[1] and runs west across northernIllinois to theMississippi River. It follows the eastern shore of the river throughLa Crosse andPrairie du Chien,Wisconsin before turning west again inMinneapolis andSt. Paul, Minnesota toCasselton, North Dakota. From Casselton the route runs northwest toMinot,North Dakota, then west throughMontana andIdaho toSpokane, Washington.

In Montana, the line passes the East Gate ofGlacier National Park and crosses theTwo Medicine River on a high trestle. FromEast Glacier Park, Montana, the route continues ascending until it crests theContinental Divide at the summit ofMarias Pass. The line descends down the west side of the pass for 20 miles (32 km) toEssex, Montana, running mostly double track on a narrow shelf, and crossing several high trestles over theFlathead River. Essex is home to theIzaak Walton Inn, which was constructed when the line was built to shelter railroad employees during the winter months. It also contains a small railyard used to store helper engines, which are used to supply additional power to freight trains crossing Marias Pass. Prior to the invention of the powerful diesel locomotives used today, longer trains often had to be split in order to make it up the pass.

From Essex, the line follows the Flathead River valley toWhitefish, Montana. Located in Whitefish is a restored passenger depot/museum (also servingAmtrak). The line continues northwest to Stryker, Montana, then turns south and passes through the 7-mile-long (11 km)Flathead Tunnel as it runs west towardSandpoint,Idaho. The line leaves the Rocky Mountains afterAthol, Idaho and reachesSpokane, Washington.

At Spokane the route splits into two, with one line going toSeattle, Washington and the other toPortland, Oregon.

The two longest railroad tunnels in the country are along the Northern Transcon: theFlathead Tunnel through theRocky Mountains inMontana and the newCascade Tunnel through theCascade Mountains inWashington.

From St. Paul to the West Coast, this is basically the route ofAmtrak'sEmpire Builder. But theBuilder turns north in Fargo onto a BNSF secondary line to reachGrand Forks, North Dakota, while the Northern Transcon heads directly toward Minot. TheBuilder rejoins the Transcon main route at Minot and continues on to Seattle, though a section branches off to servePortland, Oregon. BNSF also owns trackage with running rights inWinnipeg,Manitoba,Canada, where it has a yard operated by a switch unit and full crew. The track is maintained by a small track crew.

Historical alignments in Montana

[edit]

The portion of the Northern Transcon line fromColumbia Falls toLibby, Montana has been significantly rerouted twice since its initial construction in 1892.

Kootenai River valley

[edit]

Prior to the opening of theFlathead Tunnel, trains left the modern route atStryker, Montana and traveled northwest toEureka, Montana, then traveled southwest along the Kootenai River and rejoined the present-day line at Jennings, located just below the Libby Dam.

In 1970, the construction of theLibby Dam formedLake Koocanusa, flooding the towns ofRexford, Montana andWaldo, British Columbia and the railroad line.[2] This required the relocation of more than 60 miles (97 km) of track between Stryker and Jennings and the building of Flathead Tunnel which, like the dam, was constructed by theUS Army Corps of Engineers. Part of the original main line from Stryker to Eureka is still in use as theMission Mountain Railroad. Before the construction of the tunnel, theEmpire Builder also had a station stop in Eureka.

The only visible remnants of the original route are a stub track at Jennings, where the unused original track still remains close to the current main line, and Northwest of Eureka the original mainline is now a trail that meanders over towards Lake Koocanusa, with the old right of way eventually diving into the reservoir.

Haskell Pass

[edit]

The alignment that travelled from Whitefish to Libby via Eureka was created in 1902 to replace a predecessor alignment overHaskell Pass, farther to the south.

The pass was named for its founder, Charles Haskell, who in the winter of 1891 had set out to locate a reasonable alignment for the Great Northern railroad to take betweenKalispell, Montana and the Kootenai River. Ranging as far north as the Canada–US border, Haskell's party eventually returned to Kalispell in early spring, having crossed a low notch in theSalish Mountains on the return trip. A year after the scouting trip, construction was begun on what was to be the first of three Great Northern lines through the Salish.

Completed in 1892, the Haskell Pass line left the modern alignment of the route atColumbia Falls, Montana, a few miles east of Whitefish. The line travelled almost due south to Kalispell, where a branch split off the route that ran toSomers, Montana on the shore ofFlathead Lake. The line travelled west from Kalispell to Marion, then alongside Little Bitteroot Lake, looping up on a high trestle over Herrig Creek, and passing through a 1,425-foot-long (434 m) tunnel at the summit of Haskell Pass, emerging high on the mountains above Pleasant Valley. The line descended to the valley floor, then turned north along Island Creek, and west downWolf Creek, to theFisher River. The line followed the Fisher River north to theKootenai River Valley, where it returned to the 1902–1970 alignment at Jennings.

The Haskell Pass line was used only for ten years before the Kootenai River alignment opened. Shifting to the Kootenai River alignment was controversial because the new alignment was 20 miles (32 km) longer than the old route, although the new route had less steep grades.[citation needed]

Much of the Haskell Pass route was abandoned in 1902. The leg from Columbia Falls to Marion remained in use as a branch line until 1948, when it was truncated to Kalispell. When Flathead Tunnel was constructed in 1970, part of the Haskell Pass alignment along the Fisher River was recycled, namely the leg from Jennings to Tamarack siding (originally Sterling).[3] On Haskell Pass, much of the right-of-way has been grown over, but small remnants of infrastructure and the original tunnel through the pass itself are still intact.

Winter operations

[edit]

Keeping the Northern Transcon open during the winter is a significant challenge, whether from snow in the Midwest and mountains, or rain in the Pacific Northwest. Heavy rains have the potential to cause mudslides alongPuget Sound between Seattle and Everett and in theNisqually, Washington area betweenTacoma andOlympia. For example, in early January 2006, there were four slides between Seattle and Everett. In late January 2006 and again in early February 2006, mudslides occurred both between Seattle and Everett and around Nisqually. Heavy snow in the Rockies around Marias Pass have the potential to cause avalanches that can block the tracks. Following the clearing of a slide or an avalanche, no passenger train can run on the track for 48 hours to ensure that the slide area has stabilized, per BNSF policy.[citation needed]

Passenger trains

[edit]
TheEmpire Builder traveling throughGlacier National Park,Montana. (1947)
TheEmpire Builder train atWinona Junction, Wisconsin, in 1958

Amtrak operates itsEmpire Builder on the corridor betweenTwin Cities and points west, though the train utilizes a more northerly route between Fargo and Minot. Until the formation of Amtrak in May 1971, bothBurlington Northern and its predecessor, theGreat Northern, ran theBuilder on the section between Chicago and Twin Cities via Savanna, part of today's BNSF Northern Transcon route. When Amtrak took over service, it rerouted the train to run between Chicago andMinneapolis-St. Paul throughMilwaukee via theMilwaukee Road.[4] Both Burlington Northern and Great Northern at the time also used to operate west from the Twin Cities before turning northwest inWillmar, Minnesota, to reach Fargo.

Between 1971 and 1979, on the parallel route of the formerNorthern Pacific between Twin Cities andSpokane viaStaples, Fargo,Bismarck,Missoula andHelena run theNorth Coast Hiawatha, which also served stops such asSt. Cloud, Staples andDetroit Lakes.[5]: 158 [6] Between Chicago and Minneapolis, and between Spokane and Seattle, theNorth Coast Hiawatha run combined with theBuilder three days a week.[7][8][9][10]

When Amtrak suspended theNorth Coast Hiawatha, it rerouted theBuilder over the former NP mainline between Minneapolis-St. Paul and Fargo to continue to serve St. Cloud, Staples and Detroit Lakes, which otherwise would have lost service when theNorth Coast Hiawatha was suspended.[5]: 158  The realignment of theBuilder from the former GN mainline to the NP mainline however resulted in the loss of the stops at Willmar,Breckenridge andMorris.

Between 2009 and 2013, when BNSF suspended freight traffic between Fargo and Minot via Grand Forks because of overflows ofDevils Lake, threatened to allow the rising waters to cover the line unless Amtrak could provide $100 million to raise the tracks. BNSF also offered Amtrak, during that time, to accommodate theBuilder on the segment of the Transcon between Fargo and Minot, but that would have meant the loss of theGrand Forks,Devils Lake andRugby station stops. To compensate for the loss of station stops at Grand Forks, Devils Lake, and Rugby that would have been caused by the shift, BNSF suggested that Amtrak add a station stop atNew Rockford, North Dakota. However, Amtrak said that they would continue using the line by the lake. In 2010, analysts estimated that Amtrak would soon either have to rebuild the bridge that crosses the lake at Churchs Ferry, or reroute its passenger trains.[11] In June 2011 agreement was reached that Amtrak and BNSF would each cover 1/3 of the cost with the rest to come from the federal and state governments.[12]

In December 2011, North Dakota was awarded a $10 millionTIGER grant from theUS Department of Transportation to assist with the state portion of the cost.[13] Work began in June 2012, and the track is being raised in two stages: 5 feet (1.5 m) in 2012, and another 5 feet in 2013. Two bridges and their abutments are also being raised. When the track raise is complete, the top-of-rail elevation will be 1,466 ft (446.84 m).[14] This is 10 feet above the level at which the lake will naturally overflow and will thus be a permanent solution to the Devils Lake flooding.

TheMetraBNSF Line operates in the wholeChicago Subdivision, providingcommuter rail service. These are the only passenger trains directly operated by BNSF via a "purchase of service agreement" with Metra. This stretch of track also hosts theAmtrakCalifornia Zephyr, theAmtrakSouthwest Chief, and the Chicago-Quincy sections of theAmtrakIllinois Service on their way toGalesburg and points west.

TheNorthstar Line operates north of Minneapolis on the Midway and Staples Subdivisions. Also, the Seattle Subdivision hostsAmtrakCascades as well asSounder commuter rail trains.

Subdivisions

[edit]
BNSF Aurora Subdivision
299.9
Grand Crossing
CPKCTomah Subdivision
296.3
Graf
294.7
Herrington
CB&Q toLa Crosse
286.7
Stoddard
280.7
Genoa
274.8
Victory
270.1
De Soto
262.2
Ferryville
254.4
Lynxville
247.4
Charme
239.7
Prairie du Chien
237.0
235.6
Ports
232.0
Wyalusing
228.4
Bagley
222.8
Glen Haven
213.0
Cassville
205.5
McCartney
200.0
Potosi
185.0
East Dubuque
184.9
East Cabin
CN Iowa Division
toSioux City
177.2
Menominee
172.3
Portage
CN Iowa Division
toChicago
171.6
Galena
163.8
Blanding
156.9
Robinson Spur
toSavanna Army Depot
BNSF-CPKC crossing
143.7
Savanna
142.3
138.5
Burke
129.4
Chadwick
122.5
Milledgeville
117.9
Hazelhurst
116.0
Carter
111.9
Polo
107.4
Stratford
98.4
Oregon
92.4
Chana
86.3
Flagg Center
83.2
Rochelle
77.9
Steward Junction
Milwaukee Road
77.3
Steward
⇑ double track
↓ single track
71.6
Lee
67.1
Shabbona
65.0
62.2
Waterman
55.1
Hinckley
50.2
Big Rock
44.7
Sugar Grove
40.0
38.4
Aurora
38.1
Aurora Transportation Center
BNSF St. Croix Subdivision
410.5
St. Croix Junction
407.8
Burns
407.7
Prescott
396.3
Diamond Bluff
391.0
Hager City
386.3
Bay City
378.7
Maiden Rock
372.6
Stockholm
366.2
Pepin
362.9
Mears
362.1
Trevino
358.7
Nelson
351.3
Alma
343.1
Cochrane
333.9
Fountain City
328.2
Winona
Junction
325.7
East Winona
317.4
Trempealeau
311.2
Lytle
303.1
Sullivan
300.2
North La Crosse
299.9
Grand Crossing
CPTomah Subdivision
13.9
Northtown Yard
12.4 mi
East 35th Avenue
11.7
University Avenue
8.9
Rollins Avenue
8.4
Union Yard
7.1
St. Anthony
to Minnesota Commercial andMidway station
Union Cutoff
5.1
Midway Yard
2.2
Jackson Street
Saint Paul Union Depot
0.0/1.4
Seventh Street/Westminster
toSt. Paul Subdivision
11.4 mi
University Avenue
Midway Subdivision
9.8
East Minneapolis
7.9
Park Junction
6.7
Union Junction
to Midway Subdivision
NP Como Shops (Bandana Square)
2.3
1.3
Mississippi Street
west
to BNSFMidway Sub and east toUPAltoona Sub
Westminster
0.0
430.0
Seventh Street
429.7
Division Street
429.1
Hoffman Avenue
428.3
Daytons Bluff
426.7
Oakland
422.2
Newport
410.5
St. Croix
250.2
East Dilworth
spur toFelton
248.8
Glyndon
236.1
Witherow
234.4
Hawley
230.6
Manitoba Junction
spur
222.0
Lake Park
217.2
Audubon
213.6
Richards Spur
210.1
Detroit Lakes
Empire Builder
Frazee
189.3
Perham
178.5
New York Mills
Bluffton
formerNorthern Pacific branch
165.6
Wadena
spur
159.0
Verndale
Aldrich
150.1
Dower Lake
148.0
Staples
Empire Builder
140.2
147.8
134.0
Philbrook
127.8
Lincoln
Cushing
116.5
Randall
110.8
Darling
spur
106.0
Little Falls
103.3
Gregory
95.7
Royalton
88.7
Rice
Watab
78.4
Sartell
Sauk Rapids
73.9
St. Cloud
andNorthern Lines Railway
Empire Builder
Cable
62.7
Clear Lake
57.5
Becker
47.0
Big Lake
Northstar Line
38.6
Elk River
Elk River
Ramsey
Northstar Line
26.8
Anoka
Northstar Line
Coon Rapids - Riverdale
Northstar Line
21.1
Coon Creek
Fridley
Northstar Line
15.5
Interstate
East Interstate
13.9
Northtown Yard
Havre
Chester
Shelby
Cut Bank
Browning
East Glacier Park
Continental Divide
Marias Pass
elev. 5,213 ft (1,589 m)
Essex
Nyack
West Glacier
Whitefish
BNSF Kootenai
River Subdivision
Whitefish Yard
Eureka Branch
36955 ft
11263.9 m
Lincoln County Port Authority Railroad
Libby
Troy
Bonners Ferry
MRL 4th Subdivision
Spokane Subdivision
SandpointAmtrak
Athol
Hauser Yard
 
Kaiser
Aluminum
 
Yardley Yard
Wallace Subdivision
SpokaneAmtrak
Latah Junction
Scribner
UP Junction

The Northern Transcon is divided into many subdivisions. From east to west, these include:[15][16]

To the west of Spokane, WA (at Latah Jct, as of June 1973[17] to the present day[18]), the line splits into two main routes,[18] one using mostly the oldGreat Northern Railway route directly toSeattle, WA, and the other using mainly the formerSpokane, Portland and Seattle Railway route, but also a large section of the formerNorthern Pacific Railway route, toPortland, OR via Pasco and Vancouver, WA; then it travels north to Seattle.

Expedited Transcon traffic is generally routed via the direct Seattle route, and slow bulk-freight traffic is generally routed via the Spokane–Portland–Seattle route (through Vancouver, WA). The Spokane–Portland–Seattle route is mostly water level with a 1.15% maximum grade nearMarshall, Washington. (Note that there is a parallel BNSF-owned route that bypasses the 1.15% grade with a maximum grade of 0.8%; they operate it directionally.) There is a 0.95% maximum grade in theNapavine, Washington area.[18] The direct Seattle route traverses theCascade Range at theCascade Tunnel (Scenic and Berne, Washington); it has 2.2%ruling grades in the vicinity of the tunnel.[18]

Direct Seattle route:[18]

1481.6
Latah Jct.
Jct.
1489.8
Lyons
1495.2
1499.3
Espanola
1505.1
Waukon
1510.8
Edwall
1514.5
Canby
1520.1
Bluestem Elevator
1520.2
Bluestem
1520.6
1527.8
Harrington
1534.5
Mohler
1538.2
Downs
1541.6
1542.9
Lamona
1553.2
Odessa
1562.1
Irby
1565.6
Gibson
1570.4
Marlin
1577.0
Wilson Creek
1584.8
Stratford
1588.6
Adrian
1697.1
Air Base (spur)
1599.3
Ephrata
Ephrata Station
AmtrakEmpire Builder[19]
1603.8
Naylor
1608.9
Winchester
1615.5
Quincy
1621.5
Tunnel 11.1
1626.6
Trinidad
1635.0
Albus
1637.6
Voltage
1640.1
Rock Island
1641.3
Alcoa Spur
1643.3
Malaga
1646.7
Appleyard
1650.2
Wenatchee
Columbia Station
AmtrakEmpire Builder[19]
Jct.
toColumbia River Subdivision
1650.2
Wenatchee,Columbia Station
AmtrakEmpire Builder[21]
1652.9
Olds Jct.
toCascade and Columbia River Railroad
Monitor
1661.2
Cashmere
Dryden
1672.2
Leavenworth,Icicle Station
AmtrakEmpire Builder
Chumstick Tunnel
Swede Tunnel
Winton Tunnel
1686.9
Winton
1692.4
Merritt
Gaynor Tunnel
1698.5
Berne
7.8 mi
12.6 km
[22]
1709.5
1720.5
Scenic
1732.3
Skykomish (MOW Yard)
1739.5
Baring
1755.7
Gold Bar (Yard)
Sultan
1768.6
Monroe
1775.2
Snohomish Jct. East toEastside Freight RR
1776.2
Snohomish Jct. West toEastside Freight RR
1781.2
Lowell
1782.7
PA Jct.
Delta Yard
Delta Junction
toBellingham Subdivision
1782.9
Broadway
1783.9
Everett,Everett Station
AmtrakCascades[23],Empire Builder[21]
Sound TransitNorth Sounder[24]
Bayside Yard
1784.7
32.1
Everett Jct.
31.4
Howarth Park
28.3
Mukilteo,Mukilteo Station
Sound TransitNorth Sounder[24]
27.8
MP 28
27.1
MP 27
17.8
MP 18
17.6
Edmonds,Edmonds Station
AmtrakCascades[23],Empire Builder[21]
Sound TransitNorth Sounder[24]
15.9
MP 16
7.7
MP 8
7.4
MP 7
6.4
Ballard
6.2
4.9
Interbay (Balmer Yard)
3.3
Galer Street
1.4
North Portal
5141 ft
1567 m
0.1
South Portal
0.0
Seattle,King Street Station
AmtrakCascades[23],Coast Starlight[25],Empire Builder[21]
Sound TransitNorth Sounder, South Sounder[24]
toSeattle Subdivision

Portland-Seattle route:[18]

0.0x
Seattle (King Street Station)
AmtrakCascades[26],Coast Starlight[27],Empire Builder[28]
Sound TransitSouth Sounder[29]
0.3x
King Street
0.4x
0.6x
Stadium
1.2x
Lander Street
2.1x
Spokane Street
2.5x
Coach Wye
3.2x
Lucile
3.3x
Argo
3.6x
Bailey
4.2x
Georgetown
5.4x
Van Asselt
6.3x
Rhodes
6.6x
Boeing
9.5x
Renton Jct.
9.6x
South Seattle
10.0x
Black River
10.3x
CP Tukwila
10.8x
Tukwila
AmtrakCascades[26]
Sound TransitSouth Sounder[29]
11.3x
Glacier Park
13.3x
Orillia
15.7x
James Street
16.1x
Kent
Sound TransitSouth Sounder[29]
16.9x
Willis
21.0x
Auburn North
21.5x
Auburn
Sound TransitSouth Sounder[29]
21.6x
Rainier
(Jct.Stampede Subdivision)enlarge…
21.8x
Auburn Yard
23.8x
Ellingson
24.0x
Pacific
29.0x
Sumner
Sound TransitSouth Sounder[29]
29.7x
CP Sumner
30.6x
Meeker
31.9x
Puyallup
Sound TransitSouth Sounder[29]
34.0x
Stewart
37.8x
Clear Creek
38.2x
TR Jct.
38.4x
Reservation(Tacoma Main)
38.6x
Bay Street
39.0x
River Street
39.3x
Tacoma StationAmtrakCascades[26],Coast Starlight[27]
Tacoma Dome StationSound TransitSouth Sounder[29]
Point Defiance Bypass[30]
40.1x
0.0
21st Street
1.4
Davis
3.2
Harbor
5.1
Ruston
Ruston Tunnel[31]
Nelson Bennett Tunnel[31]
6.6
6.7
Nelson Bennett
10.0
Titlow
13.5
Pioneer
14.4
West Tacoma
Point Defiance Bypass[30]
24.5
Nisqually
28.2
Saint Clair
32.2
Centennial
AmtrakCascades[26],Coast Starlight[27]
34.9
East Olympia
37.5
Plumb
43.2
Tenino
49.5
Wabash
52.5
Centralia North
54.0
Centralia
AmtrakCascades[26],Coast Starlight[27]
55.8
Centralia South
57.7
Chehalis
58.7
Chehalis Jct.
66.2
Napavine South
72.0
CP 72
77.0
Vader
85.0
MP 85
93.4
Ostrander
95.0
Tunnel 3
95.8
Rocky Point
97.3
Kelso
Kelso Station
AmtrakCascades[26],Coast Starlight[27]
98.9
Kelso South
101.1
Longview Jct.
102.6
Longview Jct. S
107.5
Kalama
110.9
MP 111
118.3
Woodland
122.0
Ridgefield
123.6
Ridgefield South
130.7
Felida
132.5
Vancouver Jct. N
133.0
Rye Junction
Chelatchie Prairie Railroad
133.5
Fruit Valley
135.1
39th Street
136.5
Vancouver Station
AmtrakCascades[26],Coast Starlight[27],Empire Builder[28]

The formerNorthern Pacific Railway route viaStampede Pass through Pasco and Auburn, WA to Tacoma, WA has had a checkered history. Since 1996 it has been a third route to the coast. As of 2010 it was seldom used but still in service.

Stampede Pass line:[18]

1.9
SP&S Junction
2.8
Kennewick
7.3
Vista
16.8
Badger
23.6
Kiona
34.4
Gibbon
40.0
Prosser
45.5
Byron
52.0
Mabton
60.4
Satus
70.9
Toppenish
78.3
Wapato
82.7
Parker
90.0
Yakima
93.8
Selah
97.2
Pomona
110.4
Wymer
121.8
Thrall
127.0
Ellensburg
BNSF Stampede Subdivision[35]
0.0
Ellensburg
17.1
Bristol
24.9
Cle Elum
36.9
38.1
Easton
41.1
46.3
Martin
Stampede Tunnel
(1.86 mi [2.99 km] long)
49.0
Stampede
Tunnel 4
Green River Trestle[34]
59.7
Lester
81.3
Palmer Jct.Buckley Line
82.3
Kanaskat
88.2
Ravensdale
102.6
Stampede Wye
102.9
Rainier (Auburn)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Luczak, Marybeth (21 January 2021)."BNSF announces $US 2.99bn 2021 capital plan". International Railway Journal. Retrieved25 July 2021.
  2. ^The Flathead Tunnel: A Geologic, Operations, and Ground Support Study, Burlington Northern Railroad, Salish Mountains, Montana(PDF).University of North Texas Library (Report). Spokane Mining Research Center. 1974. Retrieved2 August 2021.
  3. ^"Haskell Pass, Montana". Viking. May 2002. Archived fromthe original on 25 April 2012.[original research?]
  4. ^"Empire Builder Timeline".Great Northern Timeline. Great Northern Railway Historical Society.Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. RetrievedMarch 7, 2016.
  5. ^abSanders, Craig (2006).Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana:Indiana University Press.ISBN 978-0-253-34705-3.
  6. ^Edmonson, Harold A. (1972).Journey to Amtrak. Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 102–104.ISBN 978-0890240236. as mentioned in"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak"(PDF).Trains. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2021-02-24.
  7. ^Shuldiner, Herbert (June 1974)."Take the train to your next campsite?".Popular Science. Vol. 204, no. 6. p. 111.
  8. ^Amtrak (October 16, 2009)."North Coast Hiawatha: Passenger Rail Study"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 19, 2015. RetrievedDecember 18, 2009.
  9. ^"New Trains to Carry Names of Yesteryear".The Day. November 11, 1971. RetrievedDecember 18, 2009.
  10. ^"Amtrak Nationwide Schedules of Intercity Passenger Service, Effective November 14, 1971".The Museum of Railway Timetables. p. 66.
  11. ^Fred W. Frailey, "Minus its backbone, Amtrak makes a tempting target,"Trains, August 2010, p. 18
  12. ^"Amtrak Service To Continue". WDAZ. June 15, 2011. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2012. RetrievedMay 22, 2012.
  13. ^"ND Leaders Review Strategy to Raise DL Rail Line". February 15, 2012. Archived fromthe original on September 15, 2012. RetrievedMay 22, 2012.
  14. ^Bonham, Kevin."Railroad raising underway in Devils Lake area".Grand Forks Herald. Bakken Today. Archived fromthe original on October 19, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2013.
  15. ^"Burlington Northern Transcon". Don Winter. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.[original research?]
  16. ^BNSF Network Map(PDF) (Map).BNSF. June 2021.
  17. ^Burlington Northern Inc. Seattle Region Timetable 11
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  20. ^"Northwest Division Timetable No. 4"(PDF).Friends of the Burlington Northern Railroad. BNSF Railway. June 17, 2009. pp. 13–15. RetrievedNovember 15, 2020.
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  22. ^ab"BNSF Northwest Division Timeable No. 3"(PDF). BNSF Railway. April 26, 2006. RetrievedJuly 25, 2020.
  23. ^abc"Our Train Schedules".Amtrak Cascades. RetrievedJuly 25, 2020.
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  30. ^abDunster, Chris; Mattson, Larry (July 15, 2010)."Point Defiance Bypass Project"(PDF).WSDOT. Technical Advisory Team. RetrievedJuly 25, 2020.
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