Inthe Exodus narrative,YamSuph (Hebrew:יַם-סוּף,romanized: Yam-Sup̄,lit. 'Reed Sea') orRed Sea, sometimes translated asSea of Reeds, is the body of water which theIsraelitesare said to have crossed in the story of their exodus from Egypt. The same phrase appears in over 20 other places in theHebrew Bible. This has traditionally been interpreted as referring to theRed Sea, following theGreek Septuagint's rendering of the phrase. However the appropriate translation of the phrase remains a matter of dispute; as does the exact location referred to.
There are very many proposals for the location of the Yam Suph of Exodus. It may refer toLake Timsah, which has since become part of theSuez Canal. Lake Timsah was in Lower Egypt, specifically in the Suez valley next to theSinai Peninsula, and north of theGulf of Suez. It could also be theGulf of Aqaba, which is referred to as the yam suph in the Books of Kings (1 Kings 9:26). The Lake of Tanis, a former coastal lagoon fed by the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, has also been proposed as the place Moses parted the waters.
Heinrich Karl Brugsch suggested that the Reed Sea isLake Bardawil, a large lagoon on the north coast of the Sinai Peninsula. More recently, Manfred Bietak and James K. Hoffmeier have argued for an identification with the Ballah Lakes. Hoffmeier equates theyam suph with the Egyptian termpꜣ-ṯwfj "the papyrus marsh" from theRamesside period, which refers to lakes in the easternNile Delta. He also describes references topꜣ-ṯwfj in the context of the Island of Amun, considered modernTell el-Balamun. Reeds tolerant ofsaltwater flourish in the shallow string of lakes extending fromSuez north to theMediterranean Sea, whichKenneth Kitchen argues are acceptable locations for yam suph.
TheHebrew wordyam means 'sea', and the wordsuph by itself means 'reed', e.g. inExodus 2:3; hence, a literal translation ofyam suph—with the two words combined inconstruct state—yields 'sea of reeds'. This was pointed out as early as the 11th century byRashi,[1] who nonetheless identified theyam suph mentioned in thelocust plague as the saltwater inlet located between Africa and theArabian Peninsula—known in English as theRed Sea.[2] The term was rendered as 'Red Sea' in theKing James Version, the most widely utilized English translation of the Bible. More recently, alternative understandings of the term have been proposed for passages in which it refers to thecrossing the Red Sea as told inExodus 13–15; as such,yam suph is sometimes rendered as 'sea of reeds' or 'sea of seaweed' in modern translations, rather than as 'Red Sea'.[3] If the vowel is placed differently "Soph" could be translated "Sof" which means 'end' and this passage has also been translated as "Sea at the End."[4]
There are many proposals for the location of theyam suph of Exodus. It may refer toLake Timsah, which has since become part of theSuez Canal. Lake Timsah was inLower Egypt, specifically in the Suez valley next to theSinai Peninsula, and north of theGulf of Suez. It could also be theGulf of Aqaba, which is referred to as theyam suph in theBooks of Kings (1 Kings 9:26). The Lake of Tanis, a former coastal lagoon fed by the Pelusiac branch of theNile, has also been proposed as the place Moses parted the waters.[5]
Heinrich Karl Brugsch suggested that the Reed Sea isLake Bardawil, a large lagoon on the north coast of theSinai Peninsula.[6] More recently,Manfred Bietak andJames K. Hoffmeier have argued for an identification with the Ballah Lakes.[7] Hoffmeier equatesyam suf with the Egyptian termpa-tjufy (also writtenp3 ṯwfy) from the Ramesside period, which refers to lakes in the eastern Nile delta.[8] He also describes references top3 ṯwfy in the context of the Island of Amun, thought to be modernTell el-Balamun.[9] Reeds tolerant of salt water flourish in the shallow string of lakes extending fromSuez north to theMediterranean Sea, whichKenneth Kitchen argues are acceptable locations foryam suf.[10]
More conjecturally, it has also been suggested thatsuph may be related to the Hebrewsuphah ("storm") orsoph ("end"), referring to the events of the Reed/Red Sea escape itself:
The crossing of the sea signaled the end of the sojourn in Egypt and it certainly was the end of the Egyptian army that pursued the fleeing Hebrews (Ex 14:23-29; 15:4-5). After this event at Yam Suph, perhaps the verb Soph, meaning "destroy" and "come to an end," originated (cf. Amos 3:15; Jer 8:13; Isa 66:17; Psa 73:19). Another possible development of this root is the wordsuphah, meaning "storm-wind"...The meanings "end" and "storm-wind" would have constituted nice puns on the event that took place at the Yam Suph.[11]
KJV: "And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt."
NJPS: "The LORD caused a shift to a very strong west wind,[14] which lifted the locusts, and hurled them into the Sea of Reeds; not a single locust remained in all the territory of Egypt."
SET: "HASHEM turned back a very powerful west wind and it carried the locust-swarm and hurled it toward the Sea of Reeds; not a single locust remained within the entire border of Egypt."
KJV: "But God led the people about, through the way of the wilderness of the Red sea: and the children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of Egypt."
NJPS: "So God led the people roundabout, by way of the wilderness at the Sea of Reeds. Now the Israelites went up armed out of the land of Egypt."
SET: "SoGod turned the people toward the way of the Wilderness to the Sea of Reeds.[15] The Children of Israel were armed when they went up from the land of Egypt."
KJV: "So Moses brought Israel from the Red sea, and they went out into the wilderness ofShur; and they went three days in the wilderness, and found no water."
NJPS: "Then Moses caused Israel to set out from the Sea of Reeds. They went on into the wilderness of Shur; they traveled three days in the wilderness and found no water."
SET: "Moses caused Israel to journey from the Sea of Reeds and they went out to the Wilderness of Shur; they went for a three-day period in the Wilderness, but they did not find water.[16] "
KJV: "And I will set thy bounds from the Red sea even unto the sea of the Philistines, and from the desert unto the river: for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand; and thou shalt drive them out before thee."
NJPS: "And I will set your borders from the Sea of Reeds to the Sea of Philistia, and from the wilderness to the Euphrates: for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hands; and you will drive them out before you."
SET: "I shall set your border from the Sea of Reeds to the Sea of the Philistines.[17] "
NJPS: "Now the Amalekites and the Canaanites occupy the valleys. Start out, then, tomorrow, and march into the wilderness by way of the Sea of Reeds."
SET: "And HASHEM said, “... TheAmalekite and theCanaanite dwell in the valley - tomorrow, turn and journey toward the Wilderness in the direction of the Sea of Reeds.”"
KJV: "And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way of the Red sea, to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way."
The opening verse of the book ofDeuteronomy has an occurrence ofSuph on its own. Some translations, including the Septuagint, have taken this as an abbreviation for the full form, others not:
KJV: "These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab."
NJPS: "These are the words that Moses addressed to all Israel on the other side of the Jordan. — Through the wilderness, in the Arabah near Suph, between Paran, and Tophel, Laban, and Hazeroth, and Di-zahab,"
SET: "These are the words that Moses spoke to allIsrael, on the other side of theJordan, concerning the Wilderness, concerning theArabah, opposite the Sea of Reeds, betweenParan andTophel, and Laban, andHazeroth, and Di-zahab; eleven days fromHoreb, by way of MountSeir toKadesh-barnea."[19]
KJV: "Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days."
NJPS: "Thus, after you had remained at Kadesh all that long time, we marched back into the wilderness by the way of the Sea of Reeds, as the LORD had spoken to me: and skirted the hill country of Seir a long time. "
SET: "We turned and jouneyed to the Wilderness toward the Sea of Reeds, as HASHEM spoke to me, and we circled Mount Seir for many days.[20] "
KJV: "And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day;"
NJPS: "what He did to Egypt’s army, its horses and chariots; how the LORD rolled back upon them the waters of the Sea of Reeds when they were pursuing you, thus destroying them once and for all;"
SET: "and what He did to the army of Egypt, to its horses and its chariots, over whom He swept the waters of the Sea of Reeds when they pursued you, and HASHEM caused them to perish until this day;[21] "
Testimony ofRahab to Joshua's spies before the conquest ofJericho:
KJV: "For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red sea for you, when ye came out of Egypt; and what ye did unto the two kings of the Amorites, that were on the other side Jordan, Sihon and Og, whom ye utterly destroyed."
NJPS: "For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Sea of Reeds for you, when you left Egypt; and what you did to Sihon and Og, the two Amorite kings across the Jordan, whom you doomed."
SET: "for we have heard how HASHEM dried up the waters of the Sea of Reeds for you when you went forth from Egypt and what you did to the two kings of theAmorites who were across the Jordan - toSihon and toOg - whom you utterly destroyed."
Joshua’s speech to the troops shortly before the conquest ofJericho:
KJV: "For the LORD your God dried up the waters of Jordan from before you, until ye were passed over, as the LORD your God did to the Red sea, which he dried up from before us, until we were gone over:"
NJPS: "For the LORD your God dried up the waters of the Jordan before you, until you crossed, just as the LORD your God did to the Sea of Reeds, which He dried up before us, until we crossed."
SET: "For HASHEM, your God, dried up the waters of the Jordan before you until you crossed, as HASHEM, your God, did to the Sea of Reeds, which He dried up before us until we crossed."
KJV: "And I brought your fathers out of Egypt: and ye came unto the sea; and the Egyptians pursued after your fathers with chariots and horsemen unto the Red sea."
NJPS: "— I freed your fathers — from Egypt, and you came to the Sea. But the Egyptians pursued your fathers to the Sea of Reeds with chariots and horsemen."
SET: "I brought your forefathers out of Egypt and you arrived at the sea. The Egyptians pursued your forefathers with chariot and horsemen to the Sea of Reeds."
Jeremiah bemoaned his own fate. Why had he been the one chosen to not only foretell the horrors of destruction but to witness them, and even to be at the mercy of the brethren he had tried to save? But there is no doubt that the exiled Jews inBabylon found strength in his prophecy that there would be redemption and glory seventy years after the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. Jeremiah did not live to see his prophecy fulfilled, but many of those who had heard his prophecies were among the ones who returned with Ezra andNehemiah to inaugurate the Second Temple.
KJV: "The earth is moved at the noise of their fall, at the cry the noise thereof was heard in the Red sea."
NJPS: "At the sound of their downfall The earth shall shake; The sound of screaming Shall be heard at the Sea of Reeds."
A translation of this text does not occur at this point in the Septuagint. An approximate correspondence is found at Jeremiah 29:21, referring to just "the sea".
SET: "(20) Therefore, hear the counsel of HASHEM that He has devised against Edom, and His thoughts that he has conceived against the dwellers of Teman: the youngest of the flock will indeed drag them off;[24] he will indeed devastate their pasture. (21) From the sound of their fall the earth quakes; a cry, at the Sea of Reeds their voice is heard."
God's presence andlovingkindness are always near; one need but have open eyes and an open heart to see them:
KJV: "(7) Our fathers understood not thy wonders in Egypt; they remembered not the multitude of thy mercies; but provoked him at the sea, even at the Red sea. (8) Nevertheless he saved them for his name's sake, that he might make his mighty power to be known. (9) He rebuked the Red sea also, and it was dried up: so he led them through the depths, as through the wilderness."
NJPS: "(7) Our forefathers in Egypt did not perceive Your wonders; they did not remember Your abundant love, but rebelled at the sea, at the Sea of Reeds. (8) Yet He saved them, as befits His name, to make known His might. (9) He sent is blast against the Sea of Reeds; it became dry; he led them through the deep, as through a wilderness."
SET: "(7) Our fathers in Egypt did not contemplate Your wonders, they were not mindful of Your abundant kindness, and they rebelled by the sea, at the Sea of Reeds.[25] (8) But He saved them for His Name's sake, to make known His might. (9) He roared at the Sea of Reeds and it became dry, and He led them through the depths as through a desert.[26] "
A song of God's creation and rulership of the world in general and Israel in particular:
KJV: "(13) To him which divided the Red sea into parts: for his mercy endureth for ever: (14) And made Israel to pass through the midst of it: for his mercy endureth for ever: (15) But overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea: for his mercy endureth for ever."
NJPS: "(13) Who split apart the Sea of Reeds, His steadfast love is eternal; (14) and made Israel pass through it, His steadfast love is eternal; (15) Who hurled Pharaoh and his army into the Sea of Reeds, His steadfast love is eternal;"
SET: "(13) To Him Who divided the Sea of Reeds into parts, for His kindness endures forever; (14) and caused Israel to pass through it, for His kindness endures forever; (15) and threwPharaoh and his army into the Sea of Reeds, for His kindness endures forever."
After the Second Temple was rebuilt (349 BCE),Nehemiah was one of the 120 members of theMen of the Great Assembly, a council which functioned over several generations and rejuvenated the Jewish Nation. They prayed successfully againstIdolatry, composed the standard Jewish prayers and brought about the dramatic flowering of theOral law, the primary repository of divine wisdom (see:Tanakh).
KJV: "And didst see the affliction of our fathers in Egypt, and heardest their cry by the Red sea;"
^Hoffmeier, James K. (2005).Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition. Oxford University Press. p. 86.ISBN978-0195155464.
^The Twenty-Four Books of the Bible, newly translated and annotated; edited by RabbiNosson Scherman; TheArtScroll Series; Mesorah Publications Ltd. Brooklyn, New York; 1998.
^Wigram, George V. (1996) [1874].The Englishman's Hebrew Concordance of the Old Testament. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers.ISBN1-56563-208-7.
^Annot.:"10:19-20. God changed the east wind, which brought the locusts, to a west wind that blew them away. Not a single locust remained, not even those that the Egyptians had preserved for food (Midrash)."
^Annot.:"13:18.Sea of Reeds. This may have been theGulf of Suez, which branches northward from the Red Sea and separates Egypt from the Sinai Desert; but what is known today asRed Sea is south of the Sinai Peninsula and so far south of the populated area of Egypt that it is unlikely that theExodus and the later Splitting of the Sea could have taken place there. It may be that the Sea of Reeds was the Great Bitter Lake, which is between the Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea; or the north of Egypt; or it may have been the southern Mediterranean."
^Annot.:"15:22-27. After the momentous miracles at the sea, how could they have doubted God's readiness to give them a necessity of life -- water?Rabbi Hirsch explains that the purpose of Israel's journey through the Wilderness was to show that God is involved in daily, "petty" human affairs, as well as in cosmic occurrences. It is easy to think, as many still do, that God creates worlds and splits seas, but is unconcerned with the water or food supply of communities and individuals. This is what frightened theJews in the Wilderness. When there was no water, the nation feared that it was being left to its own devices. The people were not wronk in asking for water - thirsty people surely have that right - but in protesting so vociferously."
^Annot.:"The Sea of thePhilistines is theMediterranean, and theRiver is theEuphrates.ibn Ezra comments that this verse, which describes the great extent of the land, explains why it would have to be conquered gradually." and from the Wilderness until the River, for I shall deliver the inhabitants of the Land into your hands and you shall drive them away from before you.
^Annot.:"In this book, Moses was the speaker ... InDeuteronomy, Moses chose the words and conveyed the commandments as he understood them. 1:1. The combination ofwords withhe spoke, instead of the more commonhe said, implies strong words of rebuke. Lest the people become overconfident that they would not succumb to the influences of Canaan, Moses reminded them of their many sins and rebellions since the Exodus; if the people could sin when they were surrounded by miracles, surely they would be in greater danger without constant reminders ofGod's Presence. But in order not to embarrass and offend his listeners, he alluded to the sins by using place names or other veiled references. Moreover, as theMidrash cites:Rabbi Yochanan said, “We have reviewed the entirety of Scripture, but we have not found any place with the name Tophel or Laban!” And, asRamban explaines, it is unlikely that these are all descriptions of where Mosesspoke, for if so, theTorah would be giving “more signs and boundaries than one who sells a field.” Thus, for example,Onkelos andSifre interpret the termthe Wilderness as an allusion to the Wilderness of Sin, where the people complained that they had been led into a desert to starve (Exodus 16:1-3); andDi-yahab, literally, “abundance of gold,” recalls that when God blessed the people with an abundance of gold when they left Egypt, they used His gift to make theGolden Calf."
^Annot.:"2:1. This verse telescopes thirty-eight years, from the sin of the spies until the new generation was ready to enter the Land."
^Annot.:"11:1-7. Moses continued to exhort his people, telling them that they had a special responsibility to be loyal to God, because they had experienced His greatness and mercy firsthand."
^Annot.:"9:26. Also called Elath (Deut. 2:8) orEilat."
^Annot.:"The enemy, who was earlier compared to a ferocious lion (v.. 19), is here likened to the youngest sheep, because Edom will be conquered by Israel, which is regarded lightly by all its enemies (Kara)."
Hoffmeier, James Karl (2005)."Red Sea or Reed Sea".Ancient Israel in Sinai: the evidence for the authenticity of the wilderness tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–5.ISBN978-0-19-515546-4.OCLC56526680.
