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Sderot
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City (from 1996) | |
| Hebrew transcription(s) | |
| • ISO 259 | Śderot |
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  Sderot  Sderot | |
| Coordinates:31°31′22″N34°35′43″E / 31.52278°N 34.59528°E /31.52278; 34.59528 | |
| Country |  Israel |
| District | Southern |
| Founded | 1951 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Alon Davidi |
| Area | |
• Total | 4,472 dunams (4.472 km2 or 1.727 sq mi) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
• Total | 33,002 |
| • Density | 7,400/km2 (19,000/sq mi) |
| Name meaning | Boulevards/avenues |
Sderot (Hebrew:שְׂדֵרוֹת,pronounced[sdeˈʁot],lit. 'boulevards';Arabic:سديروت, sometimes Romanized as "Sederot"[2]) is a westernNegevcity and formerdevelopment town in theSouthern District ofIsrael. In 2022, it had a population of 33,002.[1]
Sderot is located less than a mile fromGaza (the closest point is 840 m (2,760 ft)),[3] and is notable for having been a major target ofQassam rocket attacks from theGaza Strip. Between 2001 and 2008,rocket attacks on the city killed 13 people, wounded dozens, caused millions of dollars in damage and profoundly disrupted daily life.[4] Although rocket fire subsided after theGaza War (2008–09), the city has come under rocket attack on occasion since that time.
Sderot lies 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) from theGaza Strip and the town ofBeit Hanoun.
The IsraeliNegev Brigade haddepopulated the area on which Sderot would be built on between the 2 May and 13 May 1948, during the1948 Arab-Israeli War, expelling the 422 Muslim farmers there who cultivated citrus, bananas and cereals from the Palestinian village ofNajd.[5] The latter were relocated in Gaza as refugees.[6][7][8][5]
Sderot was founded in 1951 as atransit camp for Jewish immigrants, primarily fromKurdistan andIran. The settlement initially housed 80 families and was originally called Gabim Dorot,[9] before later being renamed Sderot, a symbolic nod to the numerous avenues of trees planted in the Negev to combatdesertification and beautify the arid landscape. Like many localities in theNegev, a green motif was chosen in keeping with the Zionist vision of "making the desert bloom."[10]
The development served as part of a chain of settlements designed to block infiltration from Gaza.[11][12] Permanent housing was completed three years later, in 1954.[12]
From the mid-1950s, the town attracted many Moroccan Jews.[11][13]Romanian Jewish immigrants also began settling in Sderot. In 1956, Sderot was recognized as alocal council.[14] In the 1961 census, North African immigrants, mostly fromMorocco, made up 87% of the population, with 11% from Kurdistan.[15]
| Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel |
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| Defense and response |
| See also |
Sderot absorbed another large wave of immigrants, from the formerSoviet Union, during the1990s post-Soviet aliyah. Immigrants fromEthiopia also arrived during this time, doubling its population. In 1996, it was declared acity. A number of Palestinians from the Gaza Strip were resettled in Sderot beginning in 1997 after cooperating with theShin Bet.[16]
From 2001, in the beginning stage of theSecond Intifada, the city was a target for rockets from the Gaza Strip.[17] Rocket fire intensified after theIsraeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005,[18] with the city sustaining constant rocket fire fromQassam rockets launched byHamas andIslamic Jihad.[19]
In May 2007, a significant increase in shelling from Gaza prompted the temporary evacuation of thousands of residents.[20] By November 23, 2007, 6,311 rockets had fallen on the city.[21]Yediot Ahronoth reported that during the summer of 2007, 3,000 of the city's 22,000 residents (consisting mostly of the city's key upper and middle class residents) left for other areas, out of Qassam rocket range. Russian billionaireArcadi Gaydamak organised a series of relief programs for residents unable to leave.[22]On December 12, 2007, after more than 20 rockets landed in the Sderot area in a single day, including a direct hit to one of the main avenues, Sderot mayor Eli Moyal announced his resignation, citing the government's failure to halt the rocket attacks.[23] Moyal was persuaded to retract his resignation.[citation needed]
In a gesture of solidarity,El Al (Israel's national airline) named one of itsBoeing 777 passenger planesSderot (4X-ECE).[24]
In January 2008, theJewish Community Relations Council of New York organized a display of 4,200 red balloons outside theheadquarters of the United Nations.[25] Each balloon represented a Qassam rocket that had been fired into Sderot,[26] where for years the town and its surrounding area have been under near-constant bombardment by thousands of rockets and mortar shells fired from Gaza.[27] ConsulDavid Saranga, who conceptualized the display, said he used the balloons as an opportunity to call upon the international community to stop ignoring what's happening in Israel.[28] The balloon display made headlines in New York City papers as well as international publications.[29]
In January 2008, British journalist Seth Freedman ofThe Guardian described Sderot as a city of near-deserted streets and empty malls and cafes.[30] In March 2008, the mayor said that the population had dropped by 10–15%, while aid organizations said the figure was closer to 25%. Many of the families that remained were those who could not afford to move out or were unable to sell their homes.[31] Studies found that air raid sirens and explosions have caused severe psychological trauma in some residents.[32] According to a study carried out atSapir Academic College in 2007, some 75% of residents aged 4–18 were suffering fromPTSD, including sleeping disorders and severe anxiety, in the wake of rocket attacks on the city, and 1,000 residents were receiving psychiatric treatment at the community mental health center.[33][34] From mid-June 2007 to mid-February 2008, 771 rockets and 857 mortar bombs were fired at Sderot and the western Negev, an average of three or four each a day.[35]
During theGaza War in December 2008 and January 2009, between 50 and 60 rockets were fired at Sderot per week, causing about half the city's residents to temporarily evacuate. The war ended regular rocket fire from Gaza and the city experienced a revitalization. By 2009, demand for apartments was outweighing supply, a new sports complex largely funded by donor aid had opened, a new shopping mall was being built, and the assistance that the city had received due to concern over the years of rocket fire meant that Sderot now had better community, educational, and recreational services than many other Negevdevelopment towns.[36] The city sustained rocket fire on occasion over the following years, including duringOperation Protective Edge.[37]
In 2010, after a decline in charitable donations, the municipality revealed that it was on the verge of bankruptcy.[38]
In 2011, a Sderot resident filed a million dollar lawsuit against two Canadian organizations raising funds for a Canadian ship to join theGaza flotilla. According to the lawyers, "The Canadian Boat's raison d'être is to aid and abet the terrorist organization that rules Gaza." The suit alleges that these actions violate Canadian laws that prohibit aid to terror groups.[39]
"Sderot cinema" is a name given to gatherings at a hill in Sderot, where over 50 locals would come to watch the bombing of theGaza strip during the last four wars.[40][41][42] The name was coined by a Danish journalist who snapped a photo of it and posted it onTwitter.[43][44][45] Similar events happened inOperation Cast Lead in 2009,[46] after which some critics decided to refer to the hill as "Hill of Shame".[40][47] Sderot residents have complained about the media portrayal.[48]
In May 2019, theIsraeli Air Force held a specialflypast (aerial display) over Sderot (in addition toYom Ha'atzmaut flypast), in order to salute the residents of Sderot who suffer continuously fromPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.
On October 7, 2023,Hamas gunmenattacked Sderot, engaging in firefights with Israeli police and civilians in the streets and occupying the town's police station.[49] About eighteen members of the Israeli police were killed during the fighting.[50] Fighting continued through the night until security forces retook the police station, which was demolished in case more terrorists remained inside. Early estimates stated that at least 20 civilians were killed as they were waiting at bus stops, walking down the street, and driving in their cars.[51] Of the 36,000 residents of the city, 90% were evacuated during the days after the massacre.[52]
According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2010 the city had a population of 21,900. The national makeup of the city was 94%Jewish, 5.5% other non-Arabs, andArabs less than 1%. There were 10,600 males and 10,500 females. The population growth rate in 2010 was 0.5%.
In 2008, the average wage for a salaried worker in Sderot was₪5,261.[53]
Hollandia International, founded in 1981, a company that manufactures and exports high-end mattresses, moved its sole manufacturing center to Sderot in the 1990s. After 11 years there, it decided in 2008 to relocate due to rocket attacks that hit the city and the factory.[54]
TheOsem plant in Sderot, opened in 1981, is the region's major employer, with 480 workers. 170 products are manufactured there, includingBamba,Bisli, Mana Hama instant noodle and rice dishes, instant soup powders,shkedei marak, ketchup and sauces.[55]
The Menorah Candle factory located in Sderot exportsHanukkah candles all over the world.[56]
Nestlé maintains a research and development facility in Sderot,[57] established in 2002. Its production facilities for breakfast cereals are also located in Sderot.[58]
Amdocs has a plant in the Sderot and an industrial zone is under development.[59]
In 2012, the government approved nearly $59 million worth of economic benefits for Sderot to strengthen the economy, boost employment and subsidize psycho-social programs for the city's residents.[60]
An unusually high ratio of singers, instrumentalists, composers and poets have come from Sderot.[61]
Several popular bands have been formed by musicians who practiced in Sderot'sbomb shelters as teenagers.[62][63][64] As an immigrant town with high unemployment experiencing a dramatic musical success, as bands blend international sounds with the music of theirMoroccan immigrant parents, it has been compared to Liverpool in the 1960s.[65][66] Among the notable bands areTeapacks[67]Knesiyat Hasekhel andSfatayim.[68] Well-known musicians from Sderot includeShlomo Bar,Kobi Oz,Haïm Ulliel andSmadar Levi.The winner of the Israeli version of "American Idol" 2011 wasHagit Yaso, a local Sderot singer ofEthiopian origin.
Israeli poetShimon Adaf was born in Sderot,[61] as well as the actor and entertainerMaor Cohen. Adaf dedicated a poem to the city in his 1997 bookIcarus' Monologue.
In 2007, Jewish-American documentary filmmakerLaura Bialis immigrated to Israel, and decided to settle in Sderot "to find out what it means to live in a never-ending war, and to document the lives and music of musicians under fire".[69] Her filmSderot: Rock in the Red Zone focuses on young musicians living under the daily threat of Qassams.[70][71][72]
Politically, the town leans heavily to the right.[73]
Sderot is accessible byHighway 34 and Route 232.
TheAshkelon–Beersheba railway, a new railway line which connected Sderot withTel Aviv andBeersheba, was inaugurated in December 2013. TheSderot railway station located on the outskirts of the city at the southern entrance, was opened on December 24, 2013. It is the first in Israel to be armored against rocket fire.[74]
According to CBS, there are 14 schools and 3,578 students in the city. They are spread out as eleven elementary schools and 2,099 elementary school students, and six high schools and 1,479 high school students.[clarification needed] 56.5% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.Sapir Academic College[75] and theHesder Yeshiva of Sderot are located in Sderot. All schools in the city and 120 bus stops have been fortified against missile attacks.[76]
Sderot istwinned with:
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)On a panoramic ridge facing west on the edge of town, home to a nursery school, Sderot's residents used to gather during the four previous wars between Israel and Hamas since the group seized control of the strip in 2007. They had cheered and whistled as the bombs rained down on Gaza's trapped civilians, sipping beers and settling in as though watching a fireworks display as the conflicts unfolded less than a mile away in Beit Hanoun, a town in the strip's north-east corner during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.
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