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Scout Association of Japan

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National Scouting organization
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Scout Association of Japan
Japanese:ボーイスカウト日本連盟
HeadquartersHongō,Bunkyō,Tokyo
CountryJapan
Founded1922
Membership109,528[1] (2017)
AffiliationWorld Organization of the Scout Movement
Website
www.scout.or.jp
Beaver Scout
Cub Scout
Scout, Venturer, Rover and leader
 Scouting portal

TheScout Association of Japan (ボーイスカウト日本連盟,Bōi Sukauto Nihon Renmei) is the majorScouting organization of Japan. Starting with boys only, the organization was known asBoy Scouts of Japan from 1922 to 1971, and asBoy Scouts of Nippon from 1971 to 1995, when it becamecoeducational in all sections, leading to neutral naming. Scouting activity decreased radically duringWorld War II but slowly recovered; membership at the end of May 2017 was 99,779.[2]

History

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Early years

[edit]
Japanese Boy Scouts – Yokohama, 1912 (fromThe Japan Gazette, 3 April 1912)
A 1916 photograph of Japanese Boy Scouts drilling with rifles (from 13 January 1916Leslie's Illustrated Weekly Newspaper)

Scouting was introduced to Japan in the autumn of 1909[3] by ambassadorAkizuki Satsuo and Japanese teacherHōjō Tokiyuki, who had visited England in 1908. A Japanese text based onScouting for Boys was published as early as 1910,[3] and a few sporadic troops sprang up, without any cohesion and without a proper grasp of the principles and aims of Scouting.

In 1911, GeneralMaresuke Nogi went to England in attendance on PrinceYorihito Higashifushimi for thecoronation ofKing George V. The general, also known as the "Defender ofPort Arthur" was introduced to GeneralRobert Baden-Powell, the "Defender ofMafeking".

The Scout troop inYokohama welcomed Baden-Powell during his visit on 2 April 1912. The troop consisted primarily of British boys, but, from the beginning, also included a small number of American, Danish, and Norwegian boys and was led by a British Scouter, merchantClarence Griffin. The1st Yokohama, as it was called, had its first meeting on October 16, 1911, and was registered as a British Troop Abroad. The Troop charter and a Scoutmaster Warrant for Clarence Griffin were issued by Baden-Powell. With this registration only those with British nationality were able to "officially" join the troop, although this rule seems to have been loosely enforced. The Scout Association of Japan recognizes Clarence Griffin as Japan's first Scoutmaster and the "1st Yokohama", now theInternational Boy Scouts, Troop 1, as Japan's first recognized Boy Scout troop with a marker placed on his grave in the Yokohama Foreign General Cemetery. In 1918, at the urging of missionary Bro. Joseph Janning, the Group registration was changed to "international" and boys of all nationalities were officially allowed to join the troop. In 1923 this Group became the first directly registered Group of the newly formed Boy Scout International Bureau (nowWorld Scout Bureau).[4]The Troop remains active in Yokohama as theInternational Boy Scouts, Troop 1.

seal of theNippon Kenjidan, precursor to the modern association

During his short 1912 visit to Japan Baden-Powell did, however, see something of theKenjinsha, an old time youth movement. During this period homegrown Japanese troops began to develop and existed alongsideexpatriate troops inYokohama,Kobe andOsaka.Hiroshi Koshiba started a Tokyo-based group in 1913. At the time of the coronation of theTaishō Emperor in 1915, Scouts were organized in Tokyo,Shizuoka,Kyoto andHokkaido.

In 1920 three delegates,Toyomatsu Shimoda,Hiroshi Koshiba, andRichard Suzuki, attended the1st World Scout Jamboree atOlympia, London. Shimoda and Koshiba were both adults and, when they met Richard Suzuki aboard ship and learned he was a Scout, they invited him to join. Richard was the son of a Japanese father and a British mother and was traveling to England for study. Richard was a member of theYokohama international troop and, being the only Scout aged delegate, Richard carried the Japanese placard in the "Procession of the Nations" during theopening ceremonies.[5]

Seiichiro Furuta with Cub Scoutsc. 1924

In 1920Crown Prince, later Emperor,Hirohito also visited Great Britain, experienced Scouting first hand and expressed the hope that Scouting would develop fully in Japan and join the world movement. TheNippon Kenjidan, forerunner of the "Boy Scouts of Japan" was founded in 1921, when Shimoda began a national group that was restructured and merged with other groups in April 1922.[3] The organization was reformed as the Boy Scouts of Japan in April 1922 by CountFutara Yoshinori and ViscountMishima Michiharu. Japan was admitted as a member of theWorld Organization of the Scout Movement later in 1922.[6]

The1923 Great Kantō earthquake brought the work of the Scouts of Tokyo and Kobe to the notice of the general public. CountGotō Shimpei, a doctor and a statesman, was made the first Chief Scout of Japan and tasked with the rebuilding. AsMinister of Railways, Count Gotō travelled around the country, and was able to promote Scouting in his spare time. In 1924, Japan fielded a full contingent of 25 to the2nd World Scout Jamboree in Denmark under Rear Admiral CountSano Tsuneha, during which Count Sano attended aWood Badge course atGilwell Park. Count Sano returned to Japan and created Japan's own training course, calledJisshu-jo, for both Cub and Scout leaders, which is still used to this day, after completion of two preliminary courses,Koshu-kai andKenshu-kai.

Count Futara Yoshinori was the first Japanese member of theWorld Scout Committee of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1931 until 1939.

In February 1937,Isamu Takeshita was appointed head of the Boy Scouts of Japan, theSea Scouts, and theYMCA, as part of the general militarization of Japanese sports and athletics taking place at that time.[7]

Japanese military authorities did not consistently encourage the Scouting movement in occupied territories. Where local conditions were favorable, authorities would permit local Scouting or introduce Japanese-style Scouting, orShōnendan, and sometimes even made this compulsory. On the other hand, where conditions were not favorable, and anti-Japanese sentiments were likely to be nurtured through Scouting, the authorities would prohibit it entirely.[8]

World War II and aftermath

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Scouting in Japan suffered almost complete eclipse in World War II, and took time to recover. Occupation authorities had blacklisted the ex-military officers, disregarding age or sympathies. This held Count Sano and others back from their sincere desire to restore Boy Scouts of Japan to its former correct basis. Gradually, military supervision was relaxed and the original group began to take over, with beneficial results.

Theoccupation period was difficult on Scouting, just as it was on Japanese daily life. The participant patch (usually embroidered or woven) for the first National Scout Rally was printed on paper, because of the financial situation of that time. Period pieces ofScouting memorabilia from that time are rare and highly prized. Japan was re-admitted as a full member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1950, remarkable and unique in the history of nations in which Scouting has been interrupted. Within ten years of World War II, Scout membership had grown to 80,000. In 1957, the first Wood Badge course by that name was held in Japan. In 1959, Japan held the Second Nippon Jamboree, shortly after the conclusion of the10th World Scout Jamboree in thePhilippines.

Modern period

[edit]

In 1961,ViscountMichiharu Mishima was awarded theBronze Wolf, awarded by theWorld Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting. Other recipients from Japan includeHidesaburō Kurushima, chairman of the national board and international commissioner, in 1967,Taizō Ishizaka in 1971,Saburō Matsukata in 1972,Shintarō Negishi in 1975,Akira Watanabe in 1977,Yorihiro Matsudaira in 1981,August S. Narumi in 1984,Ichirō Terao in 1985, andYoritake Matsudaira in 2012.

In 1971, BSJ hosted three major World Scouting events, the13th World Scout Jamboree and the 1st World Scout Forum inShizuoka, and the 23rd World Scout Conference in Tokyo.

After the 13th World Scout Jamboree in 1971, there was discussion about the national association's name.The word "Japan" is not Japanese, rather based on a southern Chinese dialect, whichMarco Polo heard as "Zippang", eventually becoming "Japan" in English. The Japanese corrected the association's name to match their own language, as "Boy Scouts of Nippon" in 1971.

Since 1974, SAJ has every year invited some 45 Scouts from Scout associations in theAsia-Pacific Region to take part in major international events such as Jamborees, Ventures, Agoonorees and Rover Scouting events.

In 1995, Japanese Scouting becamecoeducational and, after that point, to use "Boy Scout" would strictly be incorrect. Further it was decided that the proper national name "Nippon" was not well known worldwide. Japanese Scouting once again changed its national association's name in English to the "Scout Association of Japan" (SAJ). However, there is contradiction in the original charter, that Boy Scouts of Japan (or Nippon) is still used in the writing of the Japanese language Scout Constitution. Therefore, it was decided that the official name is to be in the Japanese language, and the English expression is for the convenience and benefit of overseas Scouts to connect with Japanese Scouting.

SAJ celebrated its 75th anniversary of founding of the National Scout Association in 1997 and hosted the second Asia-Pacific Regional Top Leaders' Summit Conference inGotemba and Tokyo.

Scouting in Japan has grown steadily and established an eminent place for itself in social education for young people. The aim of the Scout Association of Japan is to help young people become responsible humanitarian citizens, who can appreciate and practice loyalty, courage and self-respect in an international perspective. With the support of volunteer leaders, the Scout movement in Japan provides fun-filled, challenging programs, with an emphasis on developing each young person's character, health, abilities and sense of service to others.

The Scout Association of Japan is a non-political, voluntary movement, with open subscription. The geographic structure of Japanese Scouting is the council, generally conforming toprefecture boundaries. Japanese Scouting also exists abroad, in communities with large native Japanese populations, such asAmsterdam (Netherlands) andSingapore.[9]

In recent years, SAJ held several international events, which include the sixth Nippon Agoonoree inEhime in August 1999, the 5th Nippon Venture inŌita in August 2000, the National Rover Moot 2001 inAichi in August 2001, and the 23rd Asia-Pacific/13th Nippon Jamboree in Osaka in August 2002.

Japanese Scouts are actively involved in international understanding and cooperation programs, such as the ORT twinning project by Rovers with theBangladesh Scouts, and nationwide fundraising activities for refugees inUNHCR camps.

Scout Association of Japan celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2012

The23rd World Scout Jamboree took place atKirara Beach, Yamaguchi, in 2015. The theme was "和 Wa: A Spirit of Unity".

Chief Scouts

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Scouting program and ideals

[edit]
Scouts asking for donations after the2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
See also:Ranks in the Scout Association of Japan

TheScout Motto isSonaeyo Tsuneni (そなえよつねに), translating as "Be Prepared" in Japanese.

The Scout emblem incorporates the sacredmirrorYata no Kagami, which representswisdom andhonesty.

The Japanese Scout uniform consists of a brown vest, brown pants with light blue pockets, and light blue cap for Beaver Scouts; a blue shirt, pants, and cap for Cub Scouts; khaki with green line edge shirt and pants, and a green beret for Boy Scouts; and a khaki shirt and pants, and green beret for Venture, Rover, and adult Scouts. Prior to the 23rd World Scout Jamboree, the SAJ introduced new uniforms and phased in new insignia for all sections. Standardized council insignia were introduced for the first time in 2015. The new council badges are 4.8 cm x 11 cm, smaller than thestandard US version.

The program sections are:

Scout Promise and Oath

[edit]

In the Scout Association of Japan, Beaver Scouts and Cub Scouts use the term "Promise" (やくそく). Scouts above are use the term "Oath" (ちかい).[14] However, in the official English website of the Scout Association of Japan, these are all called "Promise".[15]

Promise in Japan
LevelJapanese[14]Translation[15]
Beaver Scouts

ぼく(わたくし)は
みんなとなかよくします
ビーバー隊のきまりをまもります

I will be friendly to everyone

and protect the Beaver Scout Law

Cub Scouts

ぼく(わたくし)は
まじめにしっかりやります
カブ隊のさだめを守ります

I promise to behave honestly and steadily,

and to follow the Pack Laws.

Scouts and above

私は、名誉にかけて、次の3条の実行をちかいます。
1. 神(仏)と国とに誠を尽くしおきてを守ります。
2. いつも、他の人々をたすけます。
3. からだを強くし、心をすこやかに、徳を養います。

We will be sincere to God (Buddha) and country, and will obey the commandments. Always help others. Strengthen your body, keep your mind healthy, and cultivate virtue..

Scout Law

[edit]
  • A Scout is faithful. (スカウトは誠実である。)
  • A Scout is friendly. (スカウトは友情にあつい。)
  • A Scout is courteous. (スカウトは礼儀正しい。)
  • A Scout is kind. (スカウトは親切である。)
  • A Scout is cheerful. (スカウトは快活である。)
  • A Scout is thrifty. (スカウトは質素である。)
  • A Scout is courageous. (スカウトは勇敢である。)
  • A Scout is thankful. (スカウトは感謝の心をもつ。)

Ranks

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The ranks are:

  • Tenderfoot (Sho-kyū初級スカウト)
  • 2nd Class (Ni-kyū2級スカウト)
  • 1st Class (Ikkyū1級スカウト)
  • Chrysanthemum (Kiku菊スカウト)

The highest rank of the Boy Scouts is theKiku Scout (菊スカウト). "Kiku" is the Japanese word for chrysanthemum.

The highest rank of the Venture Scouts is theFuji Scout (富士スカウト). It is named afterMount Fuji.

Councils

[edit]

The SAJ operates and maintains 48 councils, each corresponding to prefectural borders and a National Council for top-level staff and employees.

Prefecture2015 membership[16]Founding yearCouncil badge or totem
Aichi11,1431949Prefectural flowerKakitsubata (Iris laevigata) with twoshachihoko as supporters
Akita392Akita Kantōbamboo pole hoistingwashi paperlanterns, which hang from horizontal bars; traditional symbols of the council includenamahage done inaizome (藍染め), the Japanese process ofindigo dyeing
Aomori440Prefectural map superimposed with twoBewick's swans (Cygnus bewickii) in flight and an apple, as Aomori Prefecture is Japan's largest producer of apples
Chiba6,113TheSun surmounted with manyseiyō aburana blossoms, as the name of Chiba Prefecture in Japanese is "thousand" and "leaves"
Ehime1,314Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge,prefectural flag, andMount Ishizuchi
Fukui794Twodinosaur silhouettes,Fukuiraptor facing left, andFukuisaurus facing right, representing theFukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, superimposed with the prefectural flowerNarcissus (Narcissus tazetta), on a background of dark blue as theprefectural flag
Fukuoka2,923Plum blossom representingDazaifu Tenman-gū, known for its 6,000ume (Asian plum) trees belonging to 167 varieties, similar to theprefectural flag
Fukushima1,025Stylized hiragana of ふ (fu), the central design of theprefectural flag andMount Bandai withPolaris to the right andLake Inawashiro/Goshiki-numa-in 1924, the venue was used as a place for social education through activities conducted by the Boy Scouts of Japan, it was the first time for theroyal family to participate and it was the site of the first All Japan Youth Federation Conference (少年団日本連盟大会)
Gifu1,838Traditional housing calledgassho-zukuri, as well as a bird effigy of arock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta, known as theraichō (雷鳥), which means "thunder bird", the official bird ofGifu Prefecture and is a protected species nationwide[17]
Gunma1,582Horse caricature 群馬ちゃん "Gumma-chan" and map, as ancient Gunma was a center ofhorse trading andbreeding, as well as stables for the emperor
Hiroshima1,0821950A ribbon bearing the English words "Character Health Handicraft Service" in all directions in the form of a traditional Japanesemizuhiki knot, to suggest the shape of a dove in flight, flanked by coordinates 34°23'48"N 132°27'35"E, which are the Prefectural Offices (Kencho) for Hiroshima; traditional symbols of the council include adove symbolizing peace and thetorii gate ofItsukushima Shrine
Hokkaidō1,5941950Tanchō (red-crowned crane,Grus japonensis) and map of the island
Hyōgo6,6231950Port of Kobe,Mount Rokkō,Akashi Kaikyō Bridge,Himeji Castle andOriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana)
Ibaraki2,4331951Sailboat,Mount Tsukuba andLake Kasumigaura, Scout caricature in traditionalcampaign hat, wearing abackpack andwhistling
Ishikawa1,473Ishikawa kanji (石川) stylized to formScout sign
Iwate538Train from the children's story "Night on the Galactic Railroad" written byKenji Miyazawa who was born in Iwate,Mount Iwate, kanji (岩手) stylized intotrain tracks,Japanese green pheasant, andsalmon-there are good catches of salmon off the coast of Iwate and some spawn upriver inMorioka, about 200 km from the Pacific Ocean in the fall
Kagawa625Anolive branch, asShōdoshima is famous for being the first place in Japan to successfully cultivateolives, and theGreat Seto Bridge, the first bridge across theSeto Inland Sea-almost all of the bridge is part of Kagawa Prefecture, almost all the way toOkayama
Kagoshima4701946Kagoshima kanji in greenedomoji on orange, representing the localmikan, hence the nameSatsuma orange, and map of the prefecture made from the same kanji, withSakurajima volcano and thesun wheelkamon symbol of theShimazu clan ofSatsuma Domain
Kanagawa8,234Common gull (Larus canus),golden-rayed lily (Lilium auratum) and a stylized wave representingShōnanbeach
Kōchi111Sakamoto Ryōma in white on red, the colors of its most famous dish,katsuotataki, made by lightlysearing and seasoning tuna
Kumamoto919Mount Asovolcano,Kumamoto Castle signature curved stone walls, known asmusha-gaeshi, as well as wooden overhangs, designed to prevent attackers from penetrating the castle, andGentian (Gentiana scabra var. buergeri) flower
Kyōto2,4521915Daimonji,maple leaves, andKinkakuji
Mie740Ise ebi,Suzuka Mountains-named in the song of Mie Council, and threeshuriken, as Mie is the birthplace of theninja and home to theIga-ryū Ninja Museum
Miyagi998Caricature ofDate Masamune as anonigiriSendai is known for its rice
Miyazaki655Anukiyo-e-styleocean wave andkagura god dancer 神楽, asAmenominakanushi primordial god of Japancreation-Miyazaki is famous for ocean views atCape Toi, andSeagaia Ocean Dome, once the world's biggest indoor water park and artificial beach; and is connected withAmanoiwato Shrine, where thesun goddessAmaterasu was found hiding in acave byTajikarao and enticed out by a comic and bawdy dance byAme-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto, thus creating the world
Nagano1,1881948Hida Mountains
Nagasaki533Dragon dancer and ball representing the Sun or the Moon which the dragon chases at theNagasaki Kunchi festival'sJa-odori—when the dragon consumes the ball, the sky is dim, calling the rain clouds, carried out as arainmaking ritual thousands of years ago in China—representingNagasaki Chinatown
Nara2,520Daibutsu atTōdai-ji,fireworks onMount Wakakusa in an annual festival known asYamayaki the fourth Saturday of each January, when the entire mountain between two temples,Tōdai-ji andKōfuku-ji, is set ablaze
Niigata884Crested ibis (Nipponia nippon),tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) andMount Myōkō
Ōita505Stylizedonsenmap symbolization,Bungo-umeblossom (Prunus mume var. bungo) andJapanese white-eye (Zosterops japonica)
Okayama1,025Momotarō and cohorts dog,monkey, andpheasant,Okayama Castle and a redoni, based on local legend
Okinawa5741956-Scouting in the Ryukyu IslandsShureimon gate-the fourChinese characters framed on the gate read 守禮之邦Shu,rei,no, andkuni, which mean 'Land of Propriety', however the kanji are writtenright-to-left 邦之禮守 in pre-World War II reading order
Ōsaka8,7971949Hyotancalabash bottles representingToyotomi Hideyoshi,sakura blossoms
Saga4121949Black-billed magpie (Pica pica)
Saitama6,509Map superimposed with primrose (Primula sieboldii)
Shiga1,278Map ofLake Biwa superimposed on three blue geometrics symbolizing thewaves of Lake Biwa, and which represent the three districts of Shiga Council
Shimane4461950Izumo-taishashimenawa, Shimane's mascot "Mikoto-kun" based onSusanoo-no-Mikoto, andYamata no Orochi
Shizuoka5,3191921Mount Fuji and Scout silhouette withhiking staff waving traditionalcampaign hat
Tochigi1,244Map, Japanesehorse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata),blue-and-white flycatcher (Cyanoptila cyanomelana) andNikkō Tōshō-gū
Tokushima373Awa Odori dancer and rectangleinkan of oldAwa Province, reading 阿波
Tōkyō12,577Tokyo Station
Tottori506Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) on a backdrop of theTottori Sand Dunes; traditional symbols of the council includeKitarō caricature in Scoutberet,Medama-oyaji seated atop
Toyama1,672Birdeffigy of arock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta, known as theraichō (雷鳥), which means "thunder bird", the official bird ofToyama Prefecture and is a protected species nationwide,[17] as well as mountains for the stylized logo based on theprefectural flag which form arebus of Toyama representingMount Tateyama, enclosing atulip (Tulipa)[18] in the "o"
Wakayama812Whale tail representing theTaiji Whale Museum inTaiji
Yamagata221BenibanaSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius),cherries asYamagata Prefecture is the largest producer of cherries in Japan, and a stylized map of the prefecture
Yamaguchi1,0201948Choruru caricature in Scoutberet, andamanatsu, a yellowish orangecitrus hybrid fruit discovered in 1740 in Yamaguchi, and seven bitter summer mandarin (Citrus natsudaidai) blossoms representing the council's 70th anniversary in 2018
Yamanashi755Two Scouts in traditionalcampaign hatscanoeing towardMount Fuji

Decline in membership

[edit]

Per SAJ records,[19] membership dropped from 332,000 in 1983 to 115,000 in 2016.

Total membership at the end of March 2012 was 143,272.[20]

By the end of March 2015, membership was 105,676[16]

SAJ statistical data as of May, 2017 is 99,779, a loss of 9,749 from 2016, the first time to drop below 100,000 since the 1960s.[2]

Awards for Japanese Scouters

[edit]
Golden Pheasant Award (きじ章,kiji-shō)
The highest award, suspended from a white ribbon with two red stripes
Silver Eagle Award (たか章,taka-shō)
The second-highest award, suspended from a white ribbon with two green stripes[Note 1]
Silver Cuckoo Award (かっこう章,kakkō-shō)
The third-highest award, suspended from a white ribbon with two yellow stripes

Notable Scouts

[edit]

International Scouting

[edit]

The Scout Association of Japan hosted the13th World Scout Jamboree on theAsagiri Plateau,Shizuoka Prefecture, in 1971, and the nearly simultaneous 23rdWorld Scout Conference. Since then, it has hosted numerous other international activities, including the Asia Pacific Top Leaders Summit in 1997, the Asia-Pacific Multi-Purpose Workshop in 2000, and the 23rd Asia-Pacific/13thNippon Jamboree in 2002.Japan also hosted the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in 2015 in Yamaguchi.

An exchange program between the Scout Association of Japan and theBoy Scouts of America was started in 1998, at the suggestion of then-Prime MinisterRyutaro Hashimoto in a 1996 meeting with U.S. PresidentBill Clinton.[21]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The Japanese termtaka (鷹 たか) may be variously translated "hawk", "raptor", and "white eagle".

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Scouting Japan"(PDF). p. 10.
  2. ^ab悲しいメールも1通届きました 平成29年度加盟員登録数(平成29年5月末現在) ●加盟員(1号会員) 団 数= 2,040団(対前年度▲62団) 加盟員数=99,779人(対前年度▲9,749人) (参考)4月末 加盟員98,676人(対前年度▲10,852人) (in Japanese),I also received one sad e-mail Number of registered members in 2017 (as of the end of May 2017) Number of members (1) Number of member groups = 2,040 groups (down 62 groups from the previous year) Number of members = 99,779 (down 9,749 compared to previous year) (Reference) 98,676 members at the end of April (down 10,852 compared to previous year)
  3. ^abcWilson, John S. (1959).Scouting Round the World (First ed.). Blandford Press.
  4. ^"Letter of 1950 from R. T. Lund, Secretary BSIB". International Boy Scouts. Retrieved21 February 2012.
  5. ^The Jamboree Book, 1920. London, England: The Scout Association. 1920. p. 10.
  6. ^"Scout Association of Japan". Archived fromthe original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved2011-09-27.
  7. ^Abe, Ken; Kiyohara, Yasuharu; Nakajima (1990).Sport and physical education under fascistization in Japan. Vol. 13. University of Tsukuba. pp. 25–46.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
  8. ^Paul Kua, Deputy Chief Commissioner (Management) (2010)."War and Occupation, 1941-1945"(PDF).Scout Association of Hong Kong.
  9. ^"Boy Scouts of Japan Federation Singapore 1st Troop".Japanese Association of Singapore.
  10. ^McKinney, W. Arthur (December 1956).About stamps. p. 75.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ab"About late Former Chief Scout Akira Watanabe".Sakashita's Scouting Collection. Archived fromthe original on 2011-09-28.
  12. ^"Japan, Leadership Changes and long-term planning for SAJ"."inbox@apr" (e-Newsletter of World Scout Bureau, Asia Pacific Region). June 2003. Archived fromthe original on 2012-03-26.
  13. ^"元日本高野連会長の奥島孝康氏(鬼北町出身)が死去".
  14. ^abScout Association of Japan (2016-05-27).公益財団法人 ボーイスカウト日本連盟諸規程教育規程(PDF) (in Japanese). pp. 33–34. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-03-25. Retrieved2017-03-24.
  15. ^ab"Scout Promise & Law".Scout Association of Japan.
  16. ^ab平成26年度事業計画 [2014 business plan](PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2019-06-26. Retrieved2015-10-28.
  17. ^abYuzo Nakagawa, ed. (2010-02-01).ひと目でわかる野鳥 [Wild birds at a glance] (in Japanese). Seibido Publishing. p. 136.ISBN 978-4415305325.
  18. ^富山県の魅力・観光>シンボル.Toyama Prefectural website (in Japanese). Toyama Prefecture. Retrieved9 September 2011.
  19. ^"Membership numbers". 2018.
  20. ^日本連盟について (in Japanese). Scout Association of Japan. Archived fromthe original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved13 June 2012.
  21. ^"Boy Scout leader urges knife safety".The Japan Times. 9 March 1998. Retrieved24 April 2010.

Further reading

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  • Facts on World Scouting. Ottawa, Canada. 1961.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

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