Science and technology in Japan has helped fuel the rapid industrial and economic development of the country.Japan hasa long history and tradition for research and development, stretching as far back as theMeiji period.
However, science and technology developed rapidly after theSecond World War, which has affected the advancement ofvehicle technology,consumer electronics,robotics,medical devices,space exploration, and thefilm industry. Japan's exemplary educational system as well as its higher education institutions help contribute to the country's acceptance for technological innovation and aidengineering talent development.
High levels of support for research and development have enabled Japan to produce advances inautomotive engines,television display technology,videogames,optical clocks, and many other fields. Japan is also advanced and a global leader in the robotics, natural sciences, aerospace exploration and biomedical research areas. In 2024, Japan was ranked 13th in theGlobal Innovation Index by theWorld Intellectual Property Organization.[1]
Scientific research in Japan is supported and promoted by theJapanese Government through various institutes and agencies including theJapan Science and Technology Agency (科学技術振興機構),Science Council of Japan (日本学術会議) and theJapan Academy (日本学士院).
Founded in 2003 through the merging of three aerospace organisations (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, National Aerospace Laboratory, and the National Space Development Agency of Japan), theJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) conducts space and planetary exploration, aviation research, and the development of various space technologies andsatellites. JAXA has developed a series of rockets in conjunction with Japanese heavy manufacturers such asMitsubishi Heavy Industries. The organisation was also responsible for the development of theJapanese Experiment Module (also known as KIBO), which was launched and added to theInternational Space Station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2007 and 2008 and theHTV to transfer payloads to the station in 2009.
Japan also sends several astronauts to work in the ISS and help other international collaborators with space research and technology transfers. Since 1990, twelve Japanese individuals have participated in space flights, two of whom were women. Two Japanese astronauts also served as commanders of the ISS, with the last beingAkihiko Hoshide.[2]
In recent years, Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft has been used to collect samples from a near-Earth asteroid called Ryugu and back to Earth for research and analysis. The 6-year mission ended in 2020.[3]
Since 1973, Japan has been looking to become less dependent on imported fuel and start to depend onnuclear energy. In 2008, after the opening of 7 brand new nuclear reactors in Japan (3 onHonshū, and 1 each onHokkaidō,Kyūshū,Shikoku, andTanegashima)[4] Japan became the third largest nuclear power user in the world with 55nuclear reactors. These provide 34.5% of Japan's electricity.
Followingan earthquake, tsunami, and the failure of cooling systems at theFukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on March 11, 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. SeeRadiation effects from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster900.
Japan is well known for itselectronics industry throughout the world, and Japanese electronic products account for a large share in the world market, compared to a majority of other countries.Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, technology, machinery, and medical research with the world's third largest budget for research and development at $130 billionUSD, and over 677,731 researchers. Japan has received the most scienceNobel Prizes in Asia (seeList of Nobel laureates by country)
Japan has large international corporate conglomerates such asFuji (which developed the nation's firstelectronic computer,FUJIC1999, in 1956) andSony. Sony,Panasonic,Canon,Fujitsu,Hitachi,Sharp,NEC,Nintendo,Epson andToshiba are among the best-known electronics companies in the world.Toyota,Honda,Nissan,Mazda,Mitsubishi,Suzuki, andSubaru are also very well known automobile companies in the world.
It is estimated that compared to the amount of known reserves still in the ground, 16% of the world's gold and 22% of silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan.[5]
Japan is also known forrobotics. There are many types of robots that are used in restaurants, hospitals, parks, or in different companies.[6] Robots are used for different purposes, such as in restaurants in Japan. Japanese research companies are researching on advancedAI robots that can mimic the work of humans.[7]
Japan is also a global leader in the area of biomedical research along with the United States and elsewhere. In 2015, the country established theJapan Agency for Medical Research and Development to help implement biomedical research and development projects and improve the support infrastructure for clinical research. Medical research in Japan typically takes place in various national university and private university research hospitals. These research hospitals includeUniversity of Tokyo Hospital, Tohoku University Hospital, andKeio University Hospital among others.
On the centennial anniversary of the creation of the industrial rights system in 1985, the Japan Patent Office selected ten Japanese inventors whose inventions helped contribute to Japan's rapid industrial development and scientific research. These inventors are:
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