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Europe's achievements inscience and technology have been significant andresearch and development efforts form an integral part of the European economy. Europe has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notablyphysics,mathematics,chemistry andengineering. Scientific research in Europe is supported by industry, by the European universities and by several scientific institutions. All the raw output of scientific research from Europe consistently ranks among the world's best.
Mathematics flourished in the Greek world from 600 BC to 300 AD. However, the study of mathematics was de-emphasized when theRoman Empire was in power, and became even less important after thefall of Rome.[1]
Medieval Europeans were interested in mathematics for different reasons than modern mathematicians are; namely, they studied mathematics because they thought it was the basis to understand the created order of nature, as explained inTimaeus by Plato and theBook of Wisdom.[2]
During the 16th century, Europe (and by extension their colonies) underwent theScientific Revolution as natural philosophers began to obtain exact measurements and base their theories on experiments and observations.[3][4] During this era, mathematics and astronomy were the branches of science that spearheaded the Scientific Revolution, and princely courts were a source of patronage for the sciences.[3] Natural philosophers of this time tried to grasp the laws of nature as a way to understand God's mind, and thoughJesuits welcomed the flourishing of science, someChristian authorities instead responded to it by accusing natural philosophers of heresy.[3]
Although theEuropean Union was only founded in 1993, the tradition of scientific research in Europe is much older and can be traced back to theScientific Revolution. Europe is home to some of the world's oldest universities, such as theUniversity of Bologna, although the oldest European universities were, at the time of their foundation, more centered onphilosophy,theology and law than onscience.
In the time sinceWorld War II, science and technology has played ever more critical roles in the lives of Europeans.[5]
EU enterprises embraced modern digital technology, and in recent years, they have closed an 11-point deficit with the United States in their usage of those technologies.[6] As of 2023, 70% of EU enterprises use innovative digital technology, reducing the gap with the US.[6]
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Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter, its properties, composition, and the changes it undergoes. It explores the interactions and transformations of atoms and molecules, providing insights into the fundamental principles that govern the physical and chemical world around us.
Chemistry is divided into various sub-disciplines, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry. Organic chemistry focuses on the study of carbon compounds, while inorganic chemistry examines the properties and behavior of inorganic substances. Physical chemistry delves into the principles and theories that explain the behavior of matter and the energy changes associated with chemical reactions. Analytical chemistry involves the identification and quantification of substances and their properties. Biochemistry explores the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Chemistry plays a vital role in numerous aspects of our daily lives. It is essential for understanding the composition and behavior of materials, developing new medicines, designing and optimizing industrial processes, addressing environmental issues, and much more. The discoveries and advancements in chemistry have revolutionized various fields, including medicine, agriculture, energy, materials science, and technology, making it a central science that impacts our world in profound ways.
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Mathematics flourished in the Greek world from 600 BC to 300 AD, but mathematical philosophy was de-emphasized over practical methods during the rise of theRoman Empire. After the fall of Rome, many ancient mathematical works were lost or destroyed, and the role of mathematics was further reduced by Europe's political fragmentation.[1]
The idea ofHindu-Arabic numerals came to Europec. 1200 AD, but was not immediately popular due to use of the oldRoman numerals.[7] The system of Arabic numerals was popularized by Italian mathematicianLeonardo de Pisa (more famously known as Fibonacci),[7] and had finally become popular among merchants in Italy, France, Germany, and Britain for accounting by 1400, and in use by most textbooks by the mid-15th century.[7]
During the first half of the 16th century,Scipione del Ferro andNiccolò Fontana Tartaglia discovered how to solvecubic equations. In 1545,Gerolamo Cardano published them in his bookArs Magna, along with a method to solvequartic equations discovered byLodovico Ferrari.[2]
Our current notations foraddition,subtraction,multiplication, anddivision, andequations were also invented in Europe. The + and – signs were first used in warehouses, then appeared in print in 1526 in a German math book.[7] The symbols for multiplication and division came later.[7] The equal sign was first used in England in 1557.[7] Mathematicians represented unknown quantities in equations with letters by 1600.[7]
The first systematic treatment ofdecimal notation,De Thiende (a book bySimon Stevin), was published in 1585.[2]
Though mathematics had a secondary role in the mid-16th century, it became considered the most powerful tool of scientific research by the 18th century, as a general mathematization of civil life took place.[8]
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