| Scarlet | |
|---|---|
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 Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #FF2400 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (255, 36, 0) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (8°, 100%, 100%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (55, 172, 14°) |
| Source | X11 |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid reddish orange |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
Scarlet is a brightred color,[1][2] sometimes with a slightlyorange tinge.[3] In the spectrum of visible light, and on the traditionalcolor wheel, it is one-quarter of the way between red and orange, slightly less orange thanvermilion.[4]
According to researches inEurope and theUnited States, scarlet and other bright shades of red are the colors most associated with courage, force, passion, heat, and joy.[5] In theRoman Catholic Church, scarlet is the color worn by acardinal, and is associated with theblood of Christ and theChristian martyrs, and with sacrifice.
Scarlet is also associated with immorality andsin, particularlyprostitution oradultery, largely because of a passage referring to "The Great Harlot", "dressed inpurple and scarlet", in theBible (Revelation 17:1–6).[5]
The word comes from the Middle English "scarlat", from the Old French escarlate, from the Latin "scarlatum",from thePersianسقرلاتsaqerlât. The termscarlet was also used in the Middle Ages for a type of cloth that was often bright red.[6] An early recorded use ofscarlet as a color name in theEnglish language dates to 1250.[7]
Scarlet has been a color of power, wealth and luxury since ancient times. Scarlet dyes were first mentioned in 8th century BC, under the nameArmenian Red, and they were described in Persian and Assyrian writings. The color was exported from Persia to Rome. During theRoman Empire, it was second in prestige only to the purple worn by the Emperors. Roman officers wore scarlet cloaks calledpaludamenta,[8] and persons of high rank were referred to as thecoccinati, the people of red.[9]
The color is also mentioned several times in theBible, both in theOld andNew Testament; in theLatinVulgate version of thebook of Isaiah (1:18) it says, "If your sins be as scarlet (si fuerint peccata vestra ut coccinum) they shall be made white as snow", and in thebook of Revelation (17:1-6) it describes the "Great Harlot" (meretricius magnus) dressed in scarlet and purple (circumdata purpura et coccino), and riding upon a scarlet beast (besteam coccineam).
The Latin term for scarlet used in the Bible comes fromcoccus, a "tiny grain". The finest scarlets in ancient times were made from the tinyscale insect calledkermes, which fed on certain oak trees in Turkey, Persia, Armenia and other parts of the Middle East. The insects contained a very strong natural dye, also called kermes, which produced the scarlet color. The insects were so small they were historically thought to be a kind of grain.[10] This was the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."[11]
The early Christian church adopted many of the symbols of the Roman Empire, including the importance of the color scarlet. The flag of the Crusaders was a scarlet cross on a white background, with scarlet indicating blood and sacrifice. By a church edict in 1295, Cardinals of the church, second in authority to the Pope, wore red robes, but a red closer in color to the purple of the Byzantine Emperors, a color coming frommurex, a type of mollusk. After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, however, the imperial purple was no longer available, and Cardinals began instead to wear scarlet made from kermes.[12][13]
During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, scarlet was the color worn by Kings, princes and the wealthy, partly because of its color and partly because of its high price. The exact shade, which varied widely, was not as important as the brilliance and richness of the color. The finest scarlet, calledscarlatto orVenetian scarlet, came from Venice, where it was made from kermes by a specific guild which closely guarded the formula. Cloth dyed scarlet cost as much as ten times more than cloth dyed with blue.[14]
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IntheAssumption, byTitian (1516–1518), the figures of God, theVirgin Mary and twoapostles are highlighted by their scarlet costumes, painted with vermilionpigment fromVenice. The young QueenElizabeth I (here in about 1563) liked to wear bright reds, before she adopted the more sober image of the Virgin Queen. Her satin gown was probably dyed withkermes. In the 16th century, an even more vivid scarlet began to arrive inEurope from theNew World. When theSpanishconquistadores conqueredMexico, they found that theAztecs were making brilliant red shades from another variety of scale insect calledcochineal, similar to the European kermes vermiilo, but producing better shades of red at lower costs. The first shipments were sent from Mexico toSeville in 1523. The Venetian guilds at first tried to block the use of the cochineal in Europe, but before the century was over, it was being used to make scarlet dye in Spain,France,Italy, andHolland, and almost all the fine scarlet garments of Europe were made with cochineal.[15]
Scarlet was the traditional color of the British nobility in the 17th and 18th century. The members of theHouse of Lords wore red ceremonial gowns for the opening of Parliament, and today sit on red benches.
Thered military uniform was adopted by the EnglishNew Model Army in 1645,[16] and was still worn as a dress uniform until the outbreak of theFirst World War in August 1914. Ordinary soldiers wore red coats dyed withmadder, while officers wore scarlet coats dyed with the more expensivecochineal.[17] This led to British soldiers being known asred coats. After 1873 all ranks of the regiments wearing red tunics changed to the more vivid shade of scarlet.[18]
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From the 8th century until the early 20th century, the most important scarlet pigment used in western art wasvermilion, made from the mineralcinnabar. It was used, along with red lake pigments, by artists fromBotticelli andRaphael toRenoir. However, in 1919 commercial production began of an intense new synthetic pigment,cadmium red, made fromcadmium sulfide andselenium. The new pigment became the standard red ofHenri Matisse and the other important painters of the 20th century.
In the 20th century, scarlet also became associated with revolution. Red flags had first been used as revolutionary emblems, symbolizing the blood of martyrs, during theFrench Revolution and Paris uprisings in 1848. Red became the color ofsocialism, thencommunism, and became the color of the flags of both theSoviet Union and CommunistChina. China still uses a scarlet flag; in Chinese culture red is also the color of happiness. Since thefall of the Soviet Union, theflag of Russia consists of red, blue and white, the colors of the historic Russian flag from the time ofPeter the Great that were adapted by him from the colors of theflag of the Netherlands.
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Scarlet is the color worn in traditionalacademic dress in the United Kingdom for those awardeddoctorates. It is also the color of many of theundergraduate gowns worn by students of the ancient universities of Scotland.
In academic dress in the United States, scarlet is used for hood bindings (borders) and, depending on the university or school, other parts of the dress (velvet chevrons, facings, etc.) to denote a degree in some form or branch of Theology (e.g., Sacred Theology, Canon Law, Divinity, Ministry).
In theFrenchacademic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in theacademic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Scarlet is the distinctive color for Law. As such, it is also the color worn on their court dress by French high magistrates.
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In theRoman Catholic Church, scarlet robes—symbolizing the color of the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs—are worn bycardinals as a symbol of their willingness to defend their faith with their own blood. Scarlet red, with or without the use of gold stripes, is the proper color in the Catholic church's liturgy for Palm Sunday, for Good Friday, for Pentecost, for memorials and feasts of saints who were martyred, and for funerals of the Pope or for cardinals. In theLutheran tradition, scarlet is the color for paraments for Palm or Passion Sunday, and for all of Holy Week through Maundy Thursday.[21]
In countries that have traditionally been dominated by Christian ideas, scarlet is associated with prostitution. TheBook of Revelation refers to theWhore of Babylon riding upon a "scarlet beast" and dressed inpurple and scarlet.[22] The phraseGreat Scarlet Whore has been used byPuritans in the 17th century, and the phraseThe Scarlet Woman was used by manyProtestants and laterMormons inNorth America well into the 20th century.[23][24][25] Scarlet and crimson are also linked to the Judeo-Christian concept ofsin in theBook of Isaiah, rendered in the King James Version "though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool."[26]
The connection of red or scarlet with prostitution was very common in Europe and America. Prostitutes were obliged to wear red in some European cities, and even today areas in European cities where prostitutes can work legally are known asred-light districts. Sex worker advocacy groups like theScarlet Alliance use the striking color to associate themselves with prostitution.
| Scarlet (Websafe) | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #FF3300 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (255, 51, 0) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (12°, 100%, 100%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (56, 166, 15°) |
| Source | [Unsourced] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid reddish orange |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
This is a variation on the standard RGB or Hex combination that produces a truer Scarlet color on some monitors. It is slightly more orange than the standard Scarlet RGB value of 255, 36, 0, but does give a truer color on displays where the red dominates over the orange and would otherwise make the color appear more as a normal red rather than a genuine Scarlet.
| Scarlet (Crayola) | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #FC2847 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (252, 40, 71) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (351°, 84%, 99%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (55, 155, 9°) |
| Source | Crayola |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid red |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
This is the color now calledscarlet inCrayolacrayons. It was originally formulated astorch red in 1998 and then renamedscarlet by Crayola in 2000.
| Flame | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #E25822 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (226, 88, 34) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (17°, 85%, 89%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (55, 121, 21°) |
| Source | ISCC-NBS[27] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid reddish orange |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
The first recorded use offlame as a color name inEnglish was in 1590.[28]
The source of this color is theISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955),[29] a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps. A sample of the color "Flame" (color sample #34) is also displayed in theDictionary online version.[30]
| Fire brick | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #B22222 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (178, 34, 34) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (0°, 81%, 70%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (39, 110, 12°) |
| Source | X11 |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid red |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
Displayed below is theweb colorfire brick, a medium dark shade of scarlet/red.
| Boston University Scarlet | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #CC0000 |
| sRGBB (r,g,b) | (204, 0, 0) |
| HSV (h,s,v) | (0°, 100%, 80%) |
| CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (43, 143, 12°) |
| Source | Boston University Brand Identity Standards[31] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid red |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
Displayed adjacent is the color Boston University Scarlet, the color which, along withwhite, is symbolic ofBoston University. The color is identical toUtah Crimson.
a vivid red colour, sometimes with an orange tinge; very bright red with a slightly orange tinge
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