| Rabbinical eras |
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Savora (Hebrew:[savoˈʁa];Aramaic: סבורא, "a reasoner", pluralSavora'im,Sabora'im[savoʁaˈ(ʔ)im], סבוראים) is a term used in Jewish law and history to signify one among the leading rabbis living from the end of period of theAmoraim (around 500 CE) to the beginning of theGeonim (around 600 CE). As a group they are also referred to as theRabbeinu Sevorai orRabanan Saborai, and may have played a large role in giving theTalmud its current structure. Modern scholars also use the plural termStammaim (Hebrew; "closed, vague or unattributed sources") for the authors of unattributed statements in theGemara.
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Much of classical rabbinic literature generally holds that the Babylonian Talmud was redacted into more or less its final form around 550 CE.[1] The Talmud states thatRavina andRav Ashi (twoamoraim) were the "end of instruction",[2] which many understand to mean they compiled the Babylonian Talmud.[3]Maimonides wrote that Ravina and Rav Ashi were the last generation of sages in the Talmud, and that it was Rav Ashi who composed the Babylonian Talmud.[4]
However, some statements within classical rabbinic literature, and later analysis thereof, have led many scholars to conclude that the Babylonian Talmud was smoothed over by theSavora'im, although almost nothing was changed.[5] There are statements in the Talmud itself referring to generations later than Ravina and Rav Ashi.[3] Occasionally, multiple versions of the same legalistic discussion are included with minor variations. The text also states that various opinions emanated from various Talmudic academies.[6]
Sherira Gaon (c.987 CE) indicates that the Talmud was not in its final form until many generations after Ravina and Rav Ashi,[3] and thatRav Yose was the final member of theSavora'im.[6] Occasionally, specificSavora'im are mentioned by name in the Talmud itself, such asRabbi Ahai, who (according to later authorityRashbam) was aSavora.[6]
The first to suggest that the Savoraim were the redactors of the whole Babylonian Talmud wasJulius Kaplan in his bookThe Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud (1933). He was soon followed byHyman Klein.[7][8]
David Weiss Halivni, a modern scholar, attempted to determine the authorship of anonymous portions of the Talmud. Halivni termed the editors of the Talmud asStamma'im, a new term for rabbis that he placed after the period of theTannaim andAmoraim, but before the Geonic period. He concluded that to a large extent, theStamma'im essentially wrote the Gemara (the discussions in the Talmud about theMishna). Halivni posited that during the time ofRavina andRav Ashi, they compiled a Gemara that was much smaller than the Gemara known today, and which likely was similar to the Mishna and to theTosefta. He sees this proto-Gemara as a compilation of rulings that probably had little record of discussions. Halivni also posits that theStamma'im did not always fully understand the context and import of the statement of theTanna orAmora when it was said. The methodology employed in his commentary,Mekorot u' Mesorot, attempts to give Halivni's analysis of the correct import and context and demonstrates how the Talmud erred in its understanding of the original context.[9]