| Savannas | |
|---|---|
| Gur–Adamawa | |
| Geographic distribution | West Africa, aroundBurkina Faso in the west toCAR in the east |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
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| Subdivisions | most ex-Gur, most ex-Adamawa, possiblyUbangian: |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | nort3149 |
TheSavannas languages, also known asGur–Adamawa orAdamawa–Gur, is a branch of theNiger–Congo languages that includesGreenberg'sGur andAdamawa–Ubangui families.
The Gur–Adamawa link was demonstrated in Kleinewillinghöfer (1996)[1] and has been accepted as established by later researchers, who have gone further in noting that the Adamawa and Gur languages themselves do not form coherent groups and are not necessarily more closely related internally than they are to each other.
Bennett (1983) had also mentioned aNorth Central Niger-Congo branch consisting of Gurunsi, "Ubangian", and Trans-Benue groups, with theTrans-Benue group consisting of the Burak-Jen (i.e.,Bikwin–Jen), Yungur (i.e.,Bena–Mboi), andTula-Longuda subgroups.[2]
There are several clusters of Adamawa languages; among the Gur languages, only the core of that proposal (Central Gur) has been retained, though it is possible that some of the 'peripheral' languages may turn out to be related to each other. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) note that a reconstruction of proto-Central Gur noun classes needs to include several Adamawa families.[3]
Senufo (ex-Gur) andFali (ex-Adamawa) are excluded from Savannas, as they appear to be some of the more divergent branches of Niger–Congo.
Dimmendaal (2008) excludes theUbangian family from Niger–Congo altogether, stating that it "probably constitutes an independent language family that cannot or can no longer be shown to be related to Niger–Congo (or any other family)," though the Ubangian languages are themselves not a valid group, and the Gbaya branch may turn out to be related to Gur.
Apart from such exceptions, Dimmendaal notes that the Savanna languages "can be shown to be genetically related beyond any reasonable doubt. The evidence is not only lexical in nature, it is based primarily on a range of cognate grammatical morphemes."[4]
Roger Blench (2012)[5] considers Gur-Adamawa to be alanguage continuum (linkage) rather than an actual coherent branch.
Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) notes that many "Adamawa" languages in fact share more similarities with various (Central)Gur languages than with other Adamawa languages, and proposes that early Gur-Adamawa speakers had cultivatedguinea corn and millet in a wooded savanna environment.[6]
The Savannas languages, with an agnostic approach to internal classification, are as follows:
The moribundOblo language was left unclassified within Adamawa, and has not been addressed in Savannas.
Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) note that the reconstruction of the noun-class system indicates that Waja ('Tula–Waja') and Leko–Nimbari ('Sama–Duru') (and possibly other Adamawa groups) belong with Central Gur, and that the noun-class system they reconstruct for these languages is akin to those of Bantu, Senufo, Tiefo, Vyemo, Tusya, and "Samu".
Güldemann (2018) recognises the following coherent "genealogical units" (8 Gur, 14 Adamawa, and 7 Ubangi) but is agnostic about their positions within Niger-Congo.[7]
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Below is a list of major Savannas (Adamawa) branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) within Nigeria based on Blench (2019).[8]
| Branch | Primary locations |
|---|---|
| Duru (Vere) | Fufore LGA,Adamawa State |
| Leko | Adamawa andTaraba States;Cameroon |
| Mumuye | Taraba State |
| Yendang | Mayo Belwa andNuman LGAs,Adamawa State |
| Waja | Kaltungo andBalanga LGAs,Gombe State |
| Kam | Bali LGA,Taraba State |
| Baa | Numan LGA,Adamawa State |
| Laka | Karim Lamido LGA,Taraba State andYola LGA,Adamawa State |
| Jen | Karim Lamido LGA,Taraba State |
| Bikwin | Karim Lamido LGA,Taraba State |
| Yungur | Song andGuyuk LGAs,Adamawa State |