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Satna | |
|---|---|
 Satna Medical College Building  Satna - Civil Line Square .jpg) Satna Junction Railway Station  Collectorate Satna mp  Indira College Satna | |
  Satna  Satna | |
| Coordinates:24°36′02″N80°49′56″E / 24.6005°N 80.8322°E /24.6005; 80.8322 | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Satna |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–council |
| • Body | Satna Municipal Corporation |
| • Mayor | Yogesh Tamrakar[1] |
| • MP | Ganesh Singh (BJP) |
| • MLA | Siddharth Kushwaha (INC) |
| Area | |
• City | 71 km2 (27 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 111.9 km2 (43.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 315 m (1,033 ft) |
| Population (2011)[3] | |
• City | 280,222 |
| • Rank | 8th (in state) |
| • Density | 3,900/km2 (10,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 485001 |
| Telephone code | (+91)07672 |
| Vehicle registration | MP-19 |
| Official language | Hindi[4] |
| Website | satna |
Satna is a city in the Indianstate ofMadhya Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters ofSatna district. It is the state's 7th largest city and8th most populous city. The city is 500 km east of the state capitalBhopal. The city is distributed over a land area of 111.9 square kilometers.[2]
Satna has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PMNarendra Modi's flagshipSmart Cities Mission.[5]
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At nearbyBharhut are the remains of a 2nd-century BC Buddhiststupa, first discovered in 1873 by the archaeologistAlexander Cunningham; most of the finds from this site were sent to theIndian Museum. Some of them were also sent to The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[citation needed].
TheMahabharata associates this site with rulers of the Haihaya, Kalchuri or Chedi clans.[citation needed]
The chiefs ofRewa, descended fromBaghel Rajput kings (who were, in turn, descended from theSolanki Rajputs), ruled overGujarat in the thirteenth century. Vyaghra Deo, brother of the ruler of Gujarat, is said to have made his way into northern India about the middle of the thirteenth century and obtained the fort of Marpha, 18 miles north-east ofKalinjar.Bandhavgarh (now in thetehsil of the same name inUmaria district), which, until its conquest in 1562 byAkbar the Great, was the Baghel capital. In 1298, general princeUlugh Khan, acting under order of his brother SultanAlauddin Khalji, drove the last Baghel ruler of Gujrat out of his country. This is believed to have caused a considerable migration of the Baghels to Bandhavgarh.[citation needed]
From then until the 15th century, the Baghels of Bandhavgarh were engaged in extending their possessions and so they escaped the attention of the Delhi Sultans. In 1498–99, Sikandar Lodi failed in his attempt to take the fort of Bandhavgarh.
The Baghel King Ramchandra (1555–92) was a contemporary ofpadshah (emperor)Akbar the Great.Tansen, the great musician, was in the court of Ramchandra and from there Akbar summoned him to his Mughal court. After the death of Birdhabra, Ramchandra's sonVikramaditya acceded to theRajput throne ofBandhogarh as a minor Raja, giving rise to civic disturbances. Akbar's generals intervened, capturing and dismantling the Bandhogarh fort in 1562. From then, the town ofRewa, along with the Sultanate ofMalwa became a part of the Great Mughal Empire.
Following theTreaty of Bassein (1802), the British made overtures of alliance to the ruler ofRewa, but the latter rejected them. In 1812, during the time of Raja Jaisingh (1809–35), a body ofPindaris raided Mirzapur from Rewa territory. As a result, Jaisingh was called upon to accede to a treaty, in which he acknowledged the protection of the British Government, and agreed to refer all disputes with neighbouring chiefs to their arbitration and to allow British troops to march through, or be cantoned within, his territories.
During the mutiny of 1857, Maharaja Raghuraj Singh helped the British in quelling the uprisings in the neighbouringMandla andJabalpur district, and inNagod which is now a part of Satna district. For his part the king was rewarded by restoration of theSohagpur (Shahdol) andAmarkantakparganas, which had been seized by theMarathas in the beginning of the century.
Baroundha State belongs to the “Raghuvanshi” clan ofRajputs, considered one of the most prestigious clans amongRajputs according to Hindu literature (theRamayana). Baroundha was the most ancient state of theBundelkhand andBaghelkhand region; it was established in 1169 during theChandela era. The ruler ofBaroundha State, Raghubar Dayal Shah, received the title “Raja Bahadur” at the Imperial Assemblage and was styled “His Highness” with a salute of nine guns. It was a saluted state from 1 January 1877. The ruling family belonged to theRaghuvanshi division ofRajputs.
The ruler was entitled to be received at a private durbar by His Excellency the Viceroy. The founder was Maharaja Budhraj Shah of Baroundha in 1169. Notably, he was a son-in-law ofParamardi Deva, who was a famous ruler of Kalinjar and belonged to theChandela dynasty, and his daughter Chandravati married Budhraj Shah in 1169.Paramardi Deva gifted the northern part of his kingdom to Budhraj Shah in 1169, and the demarcation was from East- Chitrakoot, along theGanga andPaisuni rivers- to West- the bank of the Bagai River- and North- the bank of the Yamuna River from Rajapur to Majhgawan.
In 1169, Budhraj Shah declared his capital at “Rasin” (Rajvasini) near modern Karwi, close to Marpha Fort, and Rajapur, later famous as the birthplace of Goswami Tulsidas. Budhraj Shah was a very brave, capable, and illustrious ruler. Paramardi Deva conferred upon him the title “Navrang Shah”.
Baroundha was a unique state ofRaghuvanshi Rajputs from central India, belonging to the Solar (Suryavanshi) dynasty, one of the most ancient dynasties, mentioned in early texts including theVedas, theRamayana, and theShrimad Bhagavata.Raghuvanshis are a principal branch of the Suryavanshi Rajput clans of India, who ruled a number of kingdoms and princely states.
It was a princely state, and the last ruler was H.H. Maharaja Ram Pratap Singh, whose coronation was held in 1933; he died in 1983. His son, entitled Maharaja Anand Pratap Singh Judeo, died in 2013. At present, Maharaja Ragvendra Pratap Singh Judeo’s coronation was held in 2013, and his sons are Yuvraj Prathu Pratap Singh Judeoand Maharajkumar Punya Pratap Singh.
Until the 18th century, the state was known asUnchahara from the name of its original capital. The chiefs ofNagod wereParihar,Rajputs belonging traditionally toMount Abu.
In the seventh century,PariharRajputs drove out the Gaharwar rulers and established themselves in the country betweenMahoba andMau. In the ninth century, they were repulsed eastwards by theChandels, where Raja Dhara Singh seized the fort of Naro from theTeli Rajas in 1344. In 1478Raja Bhoj obtainedUnchahara, which he made the chief town. It remained so until 1720, when the capital was moved to Nagod by Raja Chainsingh. Later, theParihars lost all their territories to the Baghels andBundelas except the limited territory that they held before 1947.[citation needed]
Following the treaty ofBassein in 1820,Nagod was held to be a tributary to Panna and was included in thesanad granted to that state in 1807. In 1809, however, a separate sanad was granted to Lal Sheshraj Singh confirming him in his possessions.
For his loyalty during the 1857 mutiny, Chief Raghvendra Singh was rewarded by the British who granted him eleven villages, which had formerly belonged to the confiscated state of Bijeraghogarh.
Nagodchiefs had the title of Raja and received a 9gun salute.
Maihar State was aprincely state in India during the British Raj. The state had an area of 1,050 square kilometres (407 sq mi), and a population of 63,702 in 1901. The state, which included the Tons River, consists mainly of alluvial soil covering sandstone, and is fertile except in the hilly district of the south. A large area was forested, and lumber provided a small export trade.
The state was founded in 1778 byRajput of theKachwaha clan, who were granted land by the ruler of the nearby state of Orchha. From 1788 to 1790 Maihar State was occupied by Banda. The state became a princely state of British India in the early 19th century, and was administered as part of Bundelkhand Agency in the Central India Agency. In 1871 the eastern states of Bundelkhand Agency, including Maihar, were separated to form the new Bagelkhand Agency in Central India. In 1933 Maihar, along with ten other states in western Bagelkhand, were transferred back to the Bundelkhand Agency.
The state suffered severely from famine in 1896–1897. Maihar became a station on the East Indian Railway (now the West Central Railway) line between Satna and Jabalpur, 156 kilometres (97 mi) north of Jabalpur. Extensive ruins of shrines and other buildings surround the town. As of 1940, it had a population of 79,558 and an area of 412 square miles. In 1948 Maihar was merged into India.
Kothi State was a princely state of the British Raj. It belonged to the Bagelkhand Agency of Central India. Its capital was at Kothi, in modern Satna district of Madhya Pradesh. It was a relatively small Sanad state of about 438 km2 with a population of 19,112 inhabitants in 1901. The state's territory divided neighbouring Sohawal State in two parts.[6] Kothi State was founded at an uncertain date by aRajput ruler who expelled the former Bharr ruler of the area.
Towards the beginning of the nineteenth century, and in much the same manner as neighbouring Sohawal, Kothi became a British protectorate initially subordinate to Panna State. However, a separate sanad was granted to Rais Lal Duniyapati Singh in 1810. The last ruler of Kothi signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
Sohawal State was a princely state of the Bagelkhand Agency of the British Raj. It was a relatively smallsanad state of about 552 km2 with a population of 32,216 inhabitants in 1901. Its capital was at Sohawal, a small town —2,108 inhabitants in 1901— located in modern Satna district of Madhya Pradesh.
The state was divided in two sections, separated by territory belonging toKothi State and, on its northern side, it formed a small enclave within neighbouringPanna State.
Sohawal State was founded in the mid-sixteenth century by a ruler named Fateh Singh. It had originally been much larger, but lost significant territory within the first centuries of its existence.
Sohawal became a Britishprotectorate, initially subordinate to Panna State, but a separate sanad was granted to Rais Aman Singh in 1809. During the 1830 - 1833 interregnum, Sohawal came under direct British administration.[2] The last ruler of Sohawal signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
The Satna District is part of the region ofBagelkhand, a large part of which was ruled by the state ofRewa. A small part of Satna was ruled by feudatory chiefs, holding their states under theBritish Raj. Satna's name comes from the Satna River (or Sutna) which originates at Sarang Ashram (Sutikshna Ashram), situated near Sarangpur village in the Panna district. Previously, Sutna was the name of the railway station, the town being Raghurajnagar, but gradually the name of the station became associated with the city that is now Satna.
During theRamayana Era, LordRama stayed in the region of Chitrakoot, half of which is in the outskirts of Satna, the other in Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed]
Once a British headquarters, theBaghelkhand Agency was established in Satna in 1872 (and abolished in 1931). Col. D.W.K. Barr prepared plans to develop Satna during the years 1882–88 and Sir Donald Robertson supervised the construction of roads and other amenities according to those plans in 1888–94.
Satna is located at24°20′N80°29′E / 24.34°N 80.49°E /24.34; 80.49 with an average elevation of 315 metres (1,352 feet).[7]
Satna hashumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCwa) with hot summers, a somewhat cooler monsoon season and cool winters. Heavy rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September.
| Climate data for Satna (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.9 (91.2) | 36.8 (98.2) | 42.0 (107.6) | 45.3 (113.5) | 47.6 (117.7) | 48.4 (119.1) | 45.0 (113.0) | 39.5 (103.1) | 38.3 (100.9) | 38.9 (102.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | 32.9 (91.2) | 48.4 (119.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 33.3 (91.9) | 38.9 (102.0) | 41.8 (107.2) | 39.1 (102.4) | 33.1 (91.6) | 31.6 (88.9) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.7 (90.9) | 29.7 (85.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 32.4 (90.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.2 (61.2) | 19.9 (67.8) | 25.4 (77.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 34.4 (93.9) | 32.9 (91.2) | 28.8 (83.8) | 28.0 (82.4) | 28.2 (82.8) | 26.2 (79.2) | 21.8 (71.2) | 17.4 (63.3) | 25.8 (78.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.3 (54.1) | 17.2 (63.0) | 22.7 (72.9) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.0 (82.4) | 25.8 (78.4) | 25.2 (77.4) | 24.3 (75.7) | 20.2 (68.4) | 14.4 (57.9) | 9.8 (49.6) | 19.6 (67.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) | 1.1 (34.0) | 4.4 (39.9) | 12.2 (54.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.8 (64.0) | 20.5 (68.9) | 16.7 (62.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 4.8 (40.6) | 0.4 (32.7) | 0.4 (32.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 13.5 (0.53) | 22.7 (0.89) | 14.6 (0.57) | 8.5 (0.33) | 16.6 (0.65) | 121.1 (4.77) | 330.2 (13.00) | 325.2 (12.80) | 193.7 (7.63) | 37.1 (1.46) | 6.2 (0.24) | 5.7 (0.22) | 1,095.2 (43.12) |
| Average rainy days | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 6.6 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 8.1 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 51.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 48 | 39 | 27 | 20 | 23 | 45 | 72 | 77 | 70 | 49 | 45 | 47 | 47 |
| Source 1:India Meteorological Department[8][9][10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[11] | |||||||||||||
| Religion | Percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hinduism | 92.05% | |||
| Islam | 6.38% | |||
| Jainism | 0.72% | |||
| Christianity | 0.42% | |||
| Other or not stated | 0.43% | |||
| Distribution of religions | ||||
As of2011 Indian Census, Satna had a total population of 280,222, of which 147,874 were males and 132,348 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 32,774. The total number of literates in Satna was 209,825, which constituted 74.9% of the population with male literacy of 79.5% and female literacy of 69.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Satna was 84.8%, of which male literacy rate was 90.1% and female literacy rate was 78.9%. TheScheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 38,978 and 9,381 respectively. Satna had 54699 households in 2011.[3]
As of 2001[update] Indiacensus, Satna had a population of 225,468, of which males 120,203 were males and 105,265 were females. Satna has an average literacy rate of 69.6%, of which male literacy is 76.2%, and female literacy is 62.1%. In Satna, the population in the age groups of 0 to 6 years was 33,205.[13]
Satna is in the limestone belts of India. As a result, it contributes around 8%–9% of India's total cement production. There is an abundance of dolomite and limestone in the area and the city has ten cement factories producing and exporting cement to other parts of the country. The electrical cable companyUniversal Cables in Satna is among the pioneers in the country. The city of Satna is known as the commercial capital of Baghelkhand. The city is among the few most promising cities of Madhya Pradesh because of the several new industries planned by some of the reputed industrial houses in the country. The city has witnessed a sharp growth in the post-liberalization era (after 1993). Major problems faced by the city include inadequate electricity, poor road conditions, and air pollution from atmospheric wastes of cement factories. Satna is known as the cement city of India.[15][16][17]
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Satna district has some major religious tourism spots includingChitrakoot andMaihar. Satna district is close to an ancient city of Buddhist culture namedBharhut, whose archaeological remains are displayed in many museums in India and all over the world. Tulsi Museum at Ramvan, 16 km from the city, has many local artistic sculptures of ancient times. GaibinathShiva temple atBirsinghpur is a famous and old temple in the region. Madhavgarh Fort, about 7 km from Satna Railway station (Rewa Road), is another place to visit around Satna. Gidhakoot (Gidhaila) Parvat, Laxminarayan Mandir, Bada Mandir (under construction) of New Deorajnagar are also tourist sites.
Satna is famous for its scenic temples. One of those temples, Venktesh Mandir, is near Mukhtyarganj. It was constructed between 1876 and 1925 by the royal family of Deorajnagar. Shri Bihari Mandir, in the heart of Satna. It was built by a great devotee of God Krishna, Mahant Brindavan Das, in the 1880s. Bihari Mandir has been a cultural center of Satna for over one hundred years as it organises a very famousRamleela which is revered by the locals. The 116th celebration to place in 2013. Dali Baba is a very ancient place of worship in Satna. It is said to have been established in 1857 by Abdaldas Baba. A Jain temple was constructed in 1880 and another Jain temple of Lord Shantinath in Somchand-Dharsi Ghar-derasar near 1889 andPranami Mandir in 1890.Satyanarayan Temple is more than 450 years old.[citation needed]
Bus services connect Satna with various cities of Madhya Pradesh and some cities of Uttar Pradesh. The city is well-connected by state highways and a national highway. Satna is connected to the longest National Highway: NH-7. State highway NH-75 passes from the heart of Satna and connects it to cities ofPanna and Rewa, which are other important cities of northern Madhya Pradesh.
Satna City Transport Services Ltd (SCTSL) operates buses in the city. The buses designated as City Bus operate on four routes in the city. The buses are colour-coded into two colours: Orange (Intracity) and Green (Intercity) according to their routes.
Satna Junction[18] railway station (IRCTC code STA) is a major railway station in the Western-Central railway division on the route betweenJabalpur Junction andAllahabad. It is a junction and the branch goes toRewa. It lies on theHowrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line, a train route connectingMumbai andHowrah. A diesel Locoshed for the Western Central Railway is located in the city. Distance from Satna to Jabalpur Junction is approximate 200 kilometres and Allahabad is approximate 186 kilometres
Satna has an airport namedBharhut Airport, built in 1970.[19] The closest major airport is inAllahabad inUttar Pradesh, which is approximately 192 kilometres from Satna. The nearest major airport to Satna in the state isJabalpur Airport which is approximately 200 kilometres from the city.[20] Another airport isKhajuraho airport (HJR) which is approximately 112-kilometre from city.
Satna has a literacy rate of 63.8% according to the 2011 Census;.[21] India's first, little known, rural university[22] in ChitrakootMahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya was established in 1991. It is one of sixteen state government universities in Madhya Pradesh. AKS University is a private university established in 2011 in the city.
Satna travel guide from Wikivoyage| International | |
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| National | |
