Sarah Emma Edmonds | |
|---|---|
 Edmonds as Franklin Thompson | |
| Nickname(s) | "Franklin Thompson" |
| Born | December 1841 Province of New Brunswick,British North America |
| Died | September 5, 1898 (age 56) La Porte,Texas |
| Buried | Glenwood Cemetery Houston, Texas |
| Allegiance |  United States of America |
| Service |  Union Army |
| Years of service | 1861–1865 |
| Rank | Private, Nurse |
| Unit | .jpg) 2nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry |
| Battles / wars | American Civil War |
| Awards | In 1897, she became the second woman admitted to theGrand Army of the Republic. In 1992, she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. |
Sarah Emma Edmonds (bornSarah Emma Evelyn Edmondson,[1] married nameSeelye, aliasFranklin Flint Thompson; December 1841 – September 5, 1898) was aBritish North America-born woman who claimed to have served as a man with theUnion Army as a nurse and spy during theAmerican Civil War. Although recognized for her service by the United States government, some historians dispute the validity of her claims as some of the details are demonstrably false, contradictory, or uncorroborated.
Edmonds was born in December 1841 inNew Brunswick, Canada, then a British colony. The youngest child, she grew up with her sisters and brother, Thomas, on their family's farm nearMagaguadavic Lake, not far from the border with the U.S. state ofMaine. She was abused by her father, who had wanted a boy to help with the crops on the farm.[2]: 18, 20–21 Thomas had "fits," which was most likely to have been epilepsy.[2]: 18 At age 15, Edmondson fled home to escape an arranged marriage; she was aided by her mother, who also had married young.[3]: 17 She changed her last name to Edmonds in order to hide from her father, and started a millinery shop with a friend inMoncton, New Brunswick. Her father eventually found her, either by himself or through acquaintances, and Edmonds fled again to escape him.[2]: 30–31
She adopted the guise of Franklin Thompson to travel more easily.[3]: 19–21 In addition, there are claims that her father had made her dress as a boy growing up, which would make her familiar and comfortable in a male role.[2]: 22–23
Thompson crossed into the United States and worked for Hurlburt and Company, a successful Bible bookseller and publisher inHartford, Connecticut, selling Bibles door to door. Her boss, Mr. Hurlburt, claimed that she was the best salesman he had in 30 years of the business.[3]: 21
Edmonds' interest in adventure was sparked in childhood byMaturin Murray Ballou's bookFanny Campbell, the Female Pirate Captain, telling the story of Fanny Campbell and her adventures on a pirate ship during theAmerican Revolution while dressed as a man.[4][5][page needed] Campbell continued dressing as a man after the war in order to pursue other adventures. Edmonds used Campbell as an inspiration to "escape the limitations of her sex."[2]: 25 She enlisted in Company F of the2nd Michigan Infantry on May 25, 1861, also known as the Flint Union Greys.[5][page needed] She disguised herself as a man named Franklin Flint Thompson, the middle name possibly after the city ofFlint, Michigan, where she volunteered. She felt that it was her duty to serve the United States, as it was her new country.[6]: 25 She at first served as a field nurse, participating in several campaigns underGeneral McClellan, including theFirst andSecond Battle of Bull Run,Antietam, thePeninsula Campaign,Vicksburg,Fredericksburg, and others.
According to her memoir, Thompson's career took a turn when an American spy inRichmond, Virginia, was discovered and put before a firing squad, and her friend James Vesey was killed in an ambush. Thompson took advantage of the open position, as well as the opportunity to avenge Vesey's death, and became a spy. There is no proof in her military records that she actually served as a spy, but she wrote extensively about her experiences in her memoir.[5][page needed]
She travelled into enemy territory to gather information, requiring her to come up with many disguises. One disguise required her to usesilver nitrate to dye her skin black, wear a black wig, and walk into theConfederacy disguised as a Black man by the name of Cuff. Another time, she entered the Confederacy as an Irish peddler by the name of Bridget O'Shea, claiming that she was selling apples and soap to the soldiers. Once, she was posing as a black laundress working for the Confederates when a packet of official papers fell out of an officer's jacket. She returned to the United States with the papers, and the generals were delighted. Additionally, she worked as a detective, Charles Mayberry, in Kentucky, uncovering a Confederate agent.[7][non-primary source needed]
Thompson suffered an injury before the Second Battle of Bull Run in 1862, when she took a trip toBerry's Brigade in order to deliver mail. In an attempt to take a shortcut, she was thrown into a ditch by her mule before reaching the brigade; she sustained severe injuries.[2]: 185–186, 192 In 1863, she contractedmalaria. Doctors urged her to go to the hospital for treatment. Thompson abandoned her post in the army, fearing that she would be discovered as a woman if she went to a military hospital.[2]: 228–231 She checked herself into a private hospital, intending to return to military life once she had recuperated.
Once she recovered, however, she saw posters listing Frank Thompson as a deserter. Rather than return to the army under another alias or as Frank Thompson, and risk execution for desertion, she decided to serve as a female nurse under her real name at aWashington, D.C. hospital for wounded soldiers run by theUnited States Christian Commission.[2]: 235 There was speculation that Thompson may have deserted because of John Reid being discharged months earlier, and there is evidence in Reid's diary that she had mentioned leaving before she had contracted malaria.[2]: 231 Thompson's fellow soldiers spoke highly of her military service, and even after her disguise was discovered, they considered her a good soldier.[2]: 247 She was referred to as a fearless soldier and was active in every battle that her regiment faced.[5][6]: 29
In 1864, Boston publisher DeWolfe, Fiske, & Co. published Edmonds' account of her military experiences asThe Female Spy of the Union Army. One year later, her story was picked up by a Hartford, Connecticut publisher who issued it with a new title,Nurse and Spy in the Union Army. It was a huge success, selling in excess of 175,000 copies.[8] Edmonds donated the profits from her memoir to "various soldiers' aid organizations."[5][page needed]
In 1867, she married Linus H. Seelye, a mechanic with whom she bore three children,[8] but all three died in their youth, leading the couple to adopt two sons.[5][page needed] Edmonds claimed that Seelye was a childhood friend; however, this was not true.[2]: 239
In 1882, Edmonds began the process of clearing the charge of desertion from Thompson's record in order to receive a pension. She wrote to several members of her Company, asking for them to sign affidavits on her behalf.[2]: 244–259 In 1884, Congress declared that she was owed a pension of $12 a month.[2]: 263 Thompson's charge of desertion was cleared by Congress in 1886, and she received a discharge certificate from theAdjutant General's Office in 1887.[2]: 273–274
Edmonds became a lecturer after her story received more publicity in 1883.[5][page needed]
In 1897, she became the second of only two women admitted to theGrand Army of the Republic, the Civil War Union Army veterans' organization. She was a member of the George B. McClellan Post, No. 9 inHouston, Texas.[2]: 290
Edmonds died inLa Porte, Texas, on September 5, 1898, from lingering complications of malaria she had contracted in 1863.[2]: 294 She was only 56 years old. She was buried in the local cemetery, but Edmonds was laid to rest a second time in 1901 with full military honors. She is buried in the Grand Army of the Republic section of Washington Cemetery in Houston.[5][page needed]
As early as 1883, when asked by a newspaper reporter, "Can that book be regarded as authentic?" Edmonds responded, "Not strictly so."[2]: 249 By the 1960s, fraudulent aspects of her pension file were being discussed by historians.[9] Edmonds' biographer, Sylvia Dannett, acknowledges lies told by Edmonds in her bookShe Rode with the Generals.[2]: 239, 302 Edwin Fishel writes that Edmonds "almost certainly was never a spy", citing dubious claims in her memoirs as well as the absence of her name or alias among the papers ofGeorge B. McClellan, one of the Union generals in charge of Army intelligence, or in the roster ofAllan Pinkerton's agents employed as spies for the Union.[10]
Dannett was also one of the few historians of the 20th century to accurately portray a woman that went into service with her biography on Edmonds.[11]: 198 DeAnne Blanton argues that "only since the early 1990s has the subject of women soldiers received renewed and serious scholarly attention."[11]: 193–204 Patricia Wilde wrote in her dissertation that many memoirs of the period, including Edmonds,Belle Boyd, andLoreta Velasquez, were purposefully using sensational rhetoric. "A kind of pathetic appeal, sensational rhetoric is the use of shocking, exciting, and thrilling language and/or subject matter for persuasive purposes."[12]: xii She argues that "disenfranchised nineteenth-century women used sensational rhetoric to circumvent obstacles that prevented them from publicly discussing issues related to the American Civil War."[12]: xii
A number of fictional accounts of her life were written for young adults in the 20th century, includingAnn Rinaldi'sGirl in Blue. Rinaldi writes of Edmonds' life and how she came to be Franklin Thompson.
American author James J. Knights presented a fictionalized account of Edmonds' wartime experiences in his bookSoldier Girl Blue, published in 2019.
Edmonds was inducted into theMichigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1992.[13]
Edmonds is listed on the Canadian ACW Memorial at the Lost Villages Museum, Long Sault, Ontario.[14][15]
Inscription: Sarah Emma Edmonds, - 2nd Michigan Infantry - Soldier, Nurse, & SpyDisguised herself as a man (Franklin Thompson)Awarded a US Army Pension. Born: Moncton, New Brunswick
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