Sarah Austin | |
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| Born | Sarah Taylor 1793 Norwich, England |
| Died | 8 August 1867(1867-08-08) (aged 73–74) Weybridge, Surrey, England |
| Occupation | Translator |
Sarah Austin (née Taylor; 1793 – 8 August 1867) was an English editor, linguist and translator from German-language books.[1] She did much to make Germany familiar to the English.[2]
Born Sarah Taylor inNorwich, England in 1793, she was the youngest child ofJohn Taylor, a yarn maker and hymn writer from a locally well-knownUnitarian family.[3] Her education was overseen by her mother,Susannah Taylor. She became conversant inLatin,French,German andItalian. Her six brothers and sisters included Edward Taylor (1784–1863), a singer and music professor,John Taylor (1779–1863), a mining engineer, Richard Taylor (1781–1858), a printer and editor and publisher of scientific works. Family friends includedJames Alderson and his daughterAmelia Opie,Henry Crabb Robinson, the bankingGurneys andSir James Mackintosh.
Sarah grew up to be an attractive woman. She caused surprise by marryingJohn Austin (1790–1859) on 24 August 1819. During the first years of their married life they lived a wide social life inQueen's Square, Westminster.John Stuart Mill testified the esteem he felt for her by the title ofMutter, by which he always addressed her.[4]Jeremy Bentham was also in their circle. She travelled widely, for instance toDresden andWeimar.[5] According to a modern scholar, Austin "tended to be austere, reclusive, and insecure, while she was very determined, ambitious, energetic, gregarious, and warm. Indeed her affections were so starved that in the early 1830s she had a most unusual 'affair' withHermann Pückler-Muskau, a German prince whose work she translated.[6] It was conducted solely in letters – she did not meet him until their passions had cooled."[7]
The only child of the Austins' marriage,Lucie, was likewise a translator of German works. She marriedAlexander Duff-Gordon. Her 1843 translation ofStories of the Gods and Heroes of Greece byBarthold Georg Niebuhr was erroneously ascribed to her mother.[8] The family history was recorded inThree Generations of English Women (1893), by Sarah Taylor's granddaughter,Janet Ross.[5]
Austin was initially encouraged as an author by the AmericanJohn Neal, who sent her first works to theEdinburgh Review. Her writing and literary translations soon became important sources of income for her and her husband.[9] She did much to promote her husband's works in his life and published a collection of his lectures onjurisprudence after he died.[10] In 1833, she publishedSelections from the Old Testament, arranged under heads to illustrate the religion, morality, and poetry of the Hebrew Scriptures. "My sole object," she wrote in the preface, "has been to put together all that presented itself to my own heart and mind as most persuasive, consolatory, or elevating, in such a form and order as to be easy of reference, conveniently arranged and divided, and freed from matter either hard to be understood, unattractive, or unprofitable (to say the least) for young and pure eyes."[4] In the same year, she published one of the translations by which she is best known:Characteristics of Goethe from the German of Falk, Von Müller, and others, with valuable original notes, illustrative ofGerman literature. Her own criticisms are few, but highly relevant.[4]
In 1834, Austin translatedThe Story without an End byFriedrich Wilhelm Carové, which was often reprinted. In the same year she translated the famous report on theState of Public Instruction in Prussia, addressed byVictor Cousin toMarthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet, minister of public instruction. The preface pleads eloquently for the cause of national education. "Society," she says, "is no longer a calm current, but a tossing sea; reverence for tradition, for authority, is gone. In such a state of things who can deny the absolute necessity of national education?" In 1839 she returned to the subject in a pamphlet, first published as an article in theForeign Quarterly Review, where she argued from the experience of Prussia and France for the need to establish a national system of education in England.[4]
One of her last publications (1859) were two letters addressed to theAthenæum, on girls' schools and on the training of working women, which show she had modified her opinions. Speaking of the old village schools, she admits that the teachers possessed little book lore. They were often widows "better versed in the toils and troubles of life than in chemistry or astronomy.... But the wiser among them taught the great lessons of obedience, reverence for honoured eld, industry, neatness, decent order, and other virtues of their sex and stations," and trained their pupils to be the wives of working men. In 1827 Mrs Austin left with her husband for Germany and settled inBonn. She collected in her long residence abroad materials for her 1854 workGermany from 1760 to 1814, which still holds a place as an interesting, thoughtful survey of German institutions and manners.
In the autumn of 1836 she accompanied her husband to Malta, busying herself while there with investigations into the remains ofMaltese art. They returned to Germany, then passed to Paris, where they remained until driven home by therevolution of 1848. In 1840 she translatedLeopold von Ranke'sHistory of the Popes, which was warmly praised byThomas Babington Macaulay andHenry Hart Milman. When the translation appeared, her intimate friend SirGeorge Cornewall Lewis wrote to her: "Murray is very desirous that you should undertake some original work. Do you feel a 'Beruf' of this sort?" However, she felt no such "Beruf" (calling) and most of her subsequent works were translations.[2]
After her husband's death in 1859 Sarah Austin produced a coherent, near-complete edition of hisLectures on Jurisprudence, a huge task that required assembling his scattered notes and marginalia. Her modesty about her contribution to her husband's publications was recognized only by later authors.[11] She also edited theMemoirs ofSydney Smith (1855) andLady Duff-Gordon's Letters from Egypt (1865).
Sarah Austin's style is clear, unaffected and forcible. She adopted a high standard for the duties of a translator and sought to conform to it rigorously. "It has been my invariable practice," she said, "as soon as I have engaged to translate a work, to write to the author of it, announcing my intention, and adding that if he has any correction, omission, or addition to make, he might depend on my paying attention to his suggestions." She did much to make the best minds of Germany familiar to Englishmen and she left a literary reputation due as much to her conversation and correspondence with illustrious men of letters as to her works.[2]
Here is a list of her other principal works, not named so far:
Sarah Austin died atWeybridge, Surrey, on 8 August 1867.[12] She was buried beside her husband in the Weybridge churchyard.[5] Her estate, worth less than £5000, received probate on 28 August 1867 through her executor son-in-law, Sir Alexander Cornewall Duff-Gordon.[12]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Macdonell, John (1885). "Austin, Sarah". InStephen, Leslie (ed.).Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 02. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 270–271.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Austin, Sarah".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 02 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 940.