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  Sapinuwa Shown within Turkey | |
| Location | Çorum Province, Turkey |
|---|---|
| Region | Anatolia |
| Coordinates | 40°15′18.03″N35°14′9.70″E / 40.2550083°N 35.2360278°E /40.2550083; 35.2360278 |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Cultures | Hittite |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | In ruins |
Sapinuwa (sometimesShapinuwa;Hittite:Šapinuwa) was aBronze AgeHittite city at the location of modernOrtaköy in the provinceÇorum inTurkey about 70 kilometers east of the Hittite capital of Hattusa. It was one of the major Hittite religious and administrative centres, a military base and an occasional residence of severalHittite kings. The palace at Sapinuwa is discussed in several texts fromHattusa.
Ortaköy was identified as the site of ancient Sapinuwa after a local farmer contacted Çorum Museum; he found two clay cuneiform tablets in his field. This led to a survey conducted in 1989, and more discoveries.[1]
Ankara University quickly obtained permission from the Ministry of Culture to begin excavation. This commenced in the following year, in 1990, under the leadership of Aygül and Mustafa Süel, and has continued since.
Building A was excavated first, and then Building B in 1995. The building with the Yazılıkaya-style orthostate and 14th century BC charcoal was excavated after 2000. Aygül Süel has been the head of excavations at this site from 1996 onward.
In the first excavated region was a Cyclopean-walled building dubbed "Building A". Building A has yielded 5000 tablets and fragments, dated to the time of Hittite rulerTudhaliya II (c. 1360 – 1344 BC). They were stored in three separate archives on an upper floor, which collapsed when the building was burnt.
At Kadilar Hoyuk, 150 meters southeast of Building A, "Building B" has proven to be a depot filled with earthenware jars. Another building features an "orthostat that looks like the relief of Tudhaliyas atYazilikaya".
The fire which destroyed Sapinuwa also damaged its archive. Most of the tablets are fragmentary, and must be pieced together before interpretation and translation.[2]
Identification of the site as Sapinuwa[3] immediately corrected a misunderstanding in Hittite geography. Due to the archives so far discovered at Hattusas, Sapinuwa had been thought to be a primarilyHurri-influenced city. Scholars of the Hattusas archive therefore positioned Sapinuwa to the southeast of Hattusa. Now Sapinuwa (and therefore the cities associated with it) are known to be to Hattusas's northeast.
The Building A tablets are mostly inHittite (1500); but also inHurrian (600), "Hitto-Hurrian",Akkadian, andHattian.[4] In addition, there are bilingual texts, not heretofore known, in Hittite / Hattian and in Hittite / Hurrian; vocabulary lists in Hittite / Sumerian / Akkadian; and seal impressions inHieroglyphic Luwian. The Hittite texts include many letters; Hurrian was mostly used foritkalzi (purification) rituals.[4] Several of the letters corresponded with those mentioned in theMaşat Höyük archive. The dialect of Hittite in that correspondence was Middle Hittite, but the site was in use for centuries afterward.[5][6]
The first English-language publication from the excavation was by Aygul Süel, 2002.[7] As of 2014,[8] the archive had not been published. The first English-language publication of any text, a fragmentary vocabulary text listing useful plants, perhaps an advanced school tablet of the 14th century BCE, along with further discussion of the site, appeared in Aygul Süel and Oguz Soysal, "A Practical Vocabulary from Ortakoy";[9] also published is a letter from a queen.[10]
The site is divided into an Upper and a Lower City. The latter is divided into two main districts: the Ağılönü region and Tepelerarası; they are separated by a stream which flows through the area.[11]
According to Erdal Atak,
Northeast of Building D in the Tepelerarası district there is located Area G. A workshop has been uncovered here, featuring finds of intricately carved moulds. These moulds were used for fine silver work; large amounts of obsidian were also found nearby.
These finds date to the end of the Middle Hittite period; this was the time ofTudhaliya II (also known asTudhaliya III according to some scholars).[11]
This Tudhaliya II also had a Hurrian name Tasmi-Sarri, in common with many other Hittite kings of that time, who also had Hurrian names. His queen was Tadu-Heba, which is also a Hurrian name. Their wedding ceremony is mentioned in many tablets from Sapinuwa, as well as from Hattusa.[13]
Sapinuwa is where Tudhaliya II resided for much of his reign, and many cuneiform tablets mentioning him were found, including international treaties.
This was the time known in literature as ‘concentric invasions’, when the Hittite state was besieged by many enemies on all sides.
At that time, the Kaskans repeatedly invaded Hittite territory. They also probably sacked the capital Hattusa, after which the court moved to Sapinuwa. A destruction of the capital, however, is neither archaeologically proven nor mentioned in contemporary reports.[14]
Nevertheless, Sapinuwa was burned down, after which the court moved toSamuha. Other Hittite cities in the area, such asTapikka andSarissa, also suffered destruction at this time.
It is at this time of Hittite weakness thatArzawa in western Anatolia rose to international prominence reflected in theAmarna letters ofAmenhotep III. These letters used Hittite language.
Suppiluliuma I was the son of Tudhaliya II, and both of them spent much time fighting the Kaskans, as well as theHayasans and Arzawa.[15]
The Hittites commonly invoked thestorm god of Sapinuwa alongside the storm god ofNerik. Given that Hattusa was to the south and Nerik likely further north, both of which had initially been Hattic speaking; that theHattic language is found in the Sapinuwa archive alongside an apparent paucity of thePalaic language; and that the name of the city makes sense in Hattic as atheophoric (sapi "god",Sapinuwa "[land] of the god"), it is likely that Hattians founded Sapinuwa as well.
It is generally believed that it wasHattusili I who destroyedNerik in the mid to late 17th century BCE.[16] So it is possible that theNesite-speaking people would have taken over Sapinuwa at the same time as well.
The Hittites' enemy at that frontier during the 15th century BC were theKaskas.
Oguz Soysal writes: "The excavators of Ortaköy believe that this city was a second capital of the Hittites or aroyal residence, for a specific period, namely during the Middle Hittite Kingdom, ca. late 15th century B.C."[6] However, "[m]ost of theepigraphic finds are dated to the last phase of theHittite Middle Kingdom (ca. 1400-1380 B.C.)", contemporary withTudhaliya I and the archive atMaşat Höyük.
It is possible that the Kaskas were responsible for the burnings that turned some of the building materials into coal in the 14th century BC. The Hittite court then moved away toSamuha.
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