| Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine | |
|---|---|
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 Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| 41°53′04″N12°28′47″E / 41.884444444444°N 12.479722222222°E /41.884444444444; 12.479722222222 | |
| Location | Piazza Pietro d’Illiria 1 Rome |
| Country | Italy |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Tradition | Latin Church |
| Religious order | Dominicans |
| Website | https://www.op.org/the-basilica-of-santa-sabina/] |
| History | |
| Status | Minor basilica,titular church |
| Dedication | Saint Sabina |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Paleochristian,Baroque,Neoclassical |
| Groundbreaking | 422 |
| Completed | 432 |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 60 m (200 ft) |
| Width | 30 m (98 ft) |
| Nave width | 17 metres (56 ft) |
| Clergy | |
| Cardinal protector | Vacant |
TheBasilica of Saint Sabina (Latin:Basilica Sanctae Sabinae,Italian:Basilica di Santa Sabina all'Aventino) is a historic church on theAventine Hill inRome, Italy. It is atitularminor basilica andmother church of theRoman CatholicOrder of Preachers, better known as the Dominicans.
Santa Sabina is the oldest extant ecclesiastical basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan with apse and architectural style. Its decorations have been restored to their original restrained design. Other basilicas, such asSanta Maria Maggiore, have been ornately decorated in later centuries. Because of its simplicity, the Santa Sabina represents the adaptation of the architecture of the roofedRoman forum or basilica to the basilica churches ofChristendom. It is especially well-known for itscypress wood doors carved in AD 430-432 with biblical scenes, the most famous being the first known publicly displayed depiction of thecrucifixion ofJesus Christ and the two thieves.
Santa Sabina is perched high above theTiber to the north and theCircus Maximus to the east. It is next to a small public park, theGiardino degli Aranci ("Garden of Oranges"), which has a scenic terrace overlooking Rome. It is a short distance fromSanti Bonifacio ed Alessio and from the headquarters of theKnights of Malta.
Its lastcardinal priest wasJozef Tomko until his death on 8 August 2022. It is thestational church forAsh Wednesday.
The church was built on the site of early Imperial houses, one of which is said to be ofSabina, a Roman matron originally fromAvezzano in theAbruzzo region of Italy. Sabina was beheaded in AD 126 under EmperorHadrian, because she had been converted to Christianity by her servantSerapia, who also had been beheaded in AD 119. Sabina and Serapia were later declared Catholic saints.
Santa Sabina was built by Peter of Illyria, aDalmatian priest, between 422 and 432[1] near atemple of Juno on theAventine Hill inRome.
Pope Celestine I established the cardinal title of Santa Sabina with its seat here in 423 AD.
In the 9th century, it was enclosed in a fortification area as a result of war.[citation needed]
in 1216Pope Honorius III approved theOrder of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, which was "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission".[2] Honorius III invitedSaint Dominic, the founder of theOrder of Preachers, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220.[3] The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with itsstudium conventuale, the first Dominicanstudium in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to theOrder of Preachers on 5 June 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220.[4]
The church was the seat of apapal conclave in 1287, although the prelates left the church after anepidemic killed six of them. They later returned to the church, and electedNicholas IV as pope on 22 February 1288.[5]
Its interior was renovated byDomenico Fontana in 1587 (after being commissioned byPope Sixtus V in 1586) andFrancesco Borromini in 1643.
The Kingdom of Italy conquered Rome in 1870; expelled the Dominicans; and converted the church into a lazaretto (quarantine station for maritime travelers).[citation needed]
Italian architect and art historian Antonio Muñoz (1884-1960) restored the original simplistic medieval appearance of the church in 1914-1919. French architect P. Berthier completed its restoration in 1936-1938.
Among those who have lived in its adjacent convent wereSaint Dominic (1220-1221),St Thomas Aquinas (1265-1268),Blessed Ceslaus,Saint Hyacinth, andPope Pius V.
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The Minor Basilica of Santa Sabina is built in the manner of an Ancient Roman secular basilica, or covered forum. The characteristics are a long central nave with a lower aisle on each side. Above the aisles, the walls of the nave are pierced by a row of largeclerestory windows. The brick walls are mostly unrendered, and the windows are made ofselenite, notglass, making the building look much as it did when it was built in the 5th century.
The building has acolonnaded porch opening propped onto a cloister, and at the other end, a semi-circularapse.
Thecampanile (bell tower) was originally built in the 10th century; but was rebuilt in the 17th century in the Baroque style.
The wooden door of the basilica is generally agreed to be the original door from 430 – 432, although it was apparently not constructed for this doorway. Eighteen of its wooden panels survive — all but one depicting scenes from theBible. Most famous among these is one of the earliest certain depictions of thecrucifixion ofJesus Christ and the two thieves. Other panels have also been the subjects of extensive analysis because of their importance to the study of Christianiconography.
Above the doorway, the interior preserves an original dedication inLatinhexameters.
The interior has basilical form, with a central nave divided from the side aisle by two rows of columns,on which rests an arcade. Above the arcade is a row of large clerestory windows. The twenty four columns ofProconnesian marble with perfectly matched Corinthian capitals and bases, werereused from the Temple of Juno. A framed hole in the floor exposes a Roman era temple column that pre-dates Santa Sabina. This appears to be the remnant of the Temple of Juno erected on the hilltop site during Roman times, which was likely razed to allow construction of the basilica.
There is an apse at the eastern end. The original fifth-century apse mosaic was replaced in 1559 by a fresco byTaddeo Zuccari. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ is flanked by agood thief and abad thief, seated on a hill while lambs drink from a stream at its base. The iconography of the mosaic was very similar to another 5th-century mosaic, destroyed in the 17th century, inSant'Andrea in Catabarbara.
The interior cells of the Dominican convent are little changed since the earliest days of the Order of Preachers. The cell of St. Dominic is still identified, though it has since been enlarged and converted to achapel. Also, the original dining room still remains, in which St.Thomas Aquinas would dine when he lived in Rome.[citation needed]
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The doors on the exterior of Santa Sabina are made ofcypress wood, and originally had a layout of twenty-eight panels. Out of these panels, ten of the original have been lost, and are left without ornamentation.[6]
Seventeen out of the original remaining eighteen panels depict a scene from theOld Testament or theNew Testament, leaving one panel that does not directly correlate to a Biblical story.[6] This panel, found near the bottom of the door, depicts an homage to a man wearing achlamys, and is thought to depict a historical event relating to a powerful ruler, though the exact story depicted is unknown.[7]
One of the smaller top panels depicts the crucifixion ofJesus and two other figures in front of a building that alludes to the architecture of a Romanmausoleum.[8] This panel is the first known publicly displayed image of thecrucifixion of Christ.[9] The panels are carved in two distinct styles, one including more detail and adherence to the style ofclassical art, and one adopting a simpler style, indicating that several artists may have worked on the doors. The abstract vegetal designs on the panels' frames are consistent with aMesopotamian style, suggesting the origin of at least one of the artists was from this region.[6]
Due to the cramped composition of the panels and the thin outer frame, it is likely that the door was originally bigger, then cut down to fit into the frame of Santa Sabina. This makes it unclear as to whether the door was initially intended to be used for this specific structure. It may have been designed for a different Roman building with larger doorway dimensions, but then been transferred to Santa Sabina for unknown reasons.[6]
However, the door was most likely constructed near the same time as the erection of the Church of Santa Sabina in 432, as the powerful figure in the chlamys scene carving shares stylistic similarities with depictions ofTheodosius II, the emperor at the time of the consecration of Santa Sabina.[6]Dendrochronologic andradiocarbon dating confirmed that the wood used for the door panels is from the beginning of the 5th century, therefore the carvings could date from the reigns ofCelestine I (421–431) orSixtus III (431–440).[10]
In 1216 theOrder of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, was approved by Pope Honorius as "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission".[2] Honorius III invitedSaint Dominic, the founder of theOrder of Preachers, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220.[3] The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with itsstudium conventuale, the first Dominicanstudium in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to theOrder of Preachers on 5 June 1222, though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220.
Some scholars have written that Honorius III was a member of theSavelli family and that the church and associated buildings formed part of the holdings of the Savelli, thereby explaining why Honorius III donated Santa Sabina to the Dominicans.[11] In fact, Honorius III was not a Savelli. These scholars may have confused laterPope Honorius IV, who was a Savelli, and Honorius III.[12] In any case, the church was given over to the Dominicans and it has since then served as their headquarters in Rome.
In 1265 in accordance with the injunction of theChapter of the Roman province of the Order of Preachers atAnagni,Thomas Aquinas was assigned asregent master at thestudium conventuale at Santa Sabina: “Fr. Thome de Aquino iniungimus in remissionem peccatorum quod teneat studium Rome, et volumus quod fratribus qui stant secum ad studendum provideatur in necessariis vestimentis a conventibus de quorum predicatione traxerunt originem. Si autem illi studentes inventi fuerint negligentes in studio, damus potestatem fr. Thome quod ad conventus suos possit eos remittere”.[13]
At this time the existingstudium conventuale at Santa Sabina was transformed into the Order's firststudium provinciale, an intermediate school between thestudium conventuale and thestudium generale. "Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort, no arts, no philosophy; only simple convent schools, with their basic courses in theology for resident friars, were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first several decades of the order's life. But the newstudium at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province," astudium provinciale.[14]Tolomeo da Lucca, an associate and early biographer of Aquinas, tells us that at the Santa SabinastudiumAquinas taught the full range of philosophical subjects, both moral and natural.[15]
With the departure ofAquinas for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time the pedagogical activities of thestudium provinciale at Santa Sabina were divided between two campuses. A newconvent of the Order at the Church ofSanta Maria sopra Minerva had a modest beginning in 1255 as a community for women converts, but grew rapidly in size and importance after being given to the Dominicans in 1275.[16]
In 1288 the theology component of the provincial curriculum was relocated from the Santa Sabinastudium provinciale to thestudium conventuale atSanta Maria sopra Minerva which was redesignated as astudium particularis theologiae.[17] Thus, thestudium at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of thestudium generale atSanta Maria sopra Minerva.
Following the curriculum of studies laid out in the capitular acts of 1291 the Santa Sabinastudium was redesignated as one of threestudianove logice intended to offer courses of advanced logic covering thelogica nova, the Aristotelian texts recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century, theTopics,Sophistical Refutations, and thePrior andSecond Analytics of Aristotle. This was an advance over thelogica antiqua, which treated theIsagoge ofPorphyry,Divisions andTopics ofBoethius, theCategories andOn Interpretation of Aristotle, and theSummule logicales of Peter of Spain.[17]
Milone da Velletri was thelector at the Santa Sabinastudium in 1293.[18] In 1310 the Florentine Giovanni dei Tornaquinci was the lector at Santa Sabina.[19] In 1331 at the Santa Sabinastudium Nerius de Tertia was the lector,[20] and Giovanni Zocco da Spoleto was a student of logic.[21]
| External videos | |
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 Santa Sabina,Smarthistory |
Media related toSanta Sabina (Rome) - Gallery at Wikimedia Commons Media related toSanta Sabina (Rome) - Category at Wikimedia Commons
| Preceded by San Saba, Rome | Landmarks of Rome Santa Sabina | Succeeded by Sacro Cuore di Maria |
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