This article is about the capital of modern New Mexico. For the provincial kingdom and former Mexican territory, of which this city was the second capital, seeSanta Fe de Nuevo México.
State capital in New Mexico, United States
Santa Fe, New Mexico
La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís
Founded in 1610 as the capital ofNuevo México, a province ofNew Spain, Santa Fe is the oldeststate capital in the United States and the earliest European settlement west of theMississippi River. Its name, Spanish for "Holy Faith", is the shortened form of its original name,La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís (Royal Town of the Holy Faith ofSaint Francis of Assisi).[7][8] The city prospered as a leading commercial and transportation hub for both Europeans and Native Americans,[9] driven by lucrative trade and migration routes such asEl Camino Real de Tierra Adentro and theSanta Fe Trail. Nuevo México became a territory of Mexico afterMexican independence from Spain in 1821. It wasceded to the United States in 1848 following theMexican–American War, and in 1851 Santa Fe was named the capital of the U.S.Territory of New Mexico; it became New Mexico's state capital in 1912.[10] Santa Fe remained the political and cultural center of New Mexico throughout the Spanish, Mexican, and American periods, which each impacted the city's development and character.
Blending indigenous, Spanish, and American influences, Santa Fe is considered the cultural capital of theSouthwestern United States,[11] and is widely regarded as one of the country's majorart cities due to its vibrant art scene.[12][13] In 2005, it was the first U.S. city inducted into theUNESCOCreative Cities Network.[14] Santa Fe hosts more than 250 art galleries, a large concentration of museums, and three annual art events: theSanta Fe International Folk Art Market; the Traditional Spanish Colonial Market and the Indian Market. One-tenth of all employment is related to artistic and cultural industries, with writers and authors comprising the highest proportion of the labor force of any U.S. city.[9]
BeforeEuropean colonization of the Americas, the area Santa Fe occupied between AD 900 and the 1500s was known to theTewa peoples asOghá P'o'oge[a] ("white shell water place", one of a number of places named for theirwater access)[17] and by theNavajo people asYootó ("bead" + "water place").[18]
Nicknames include "The City Different" (promoted by theNew Mexico Tourism Department) and in the 1800s, "The Ancient", "The Aztec Ruin", "Coronado's Camp" (despite the area ofBernalillo, New Mexico being the closest the Coronado expedition came to what is now Santa Fe), and others.[19]
The area of Santa Fe was originally occupied by indigenousTanoan peoples, who lived in numerousPueblo villages along theRio Grande. One of the earliest known settlements in what is known as downtown Santa Fe today came sometime after 900 AD. A group of nativeTewa built a cluster of homes that centered around the site of today's Plaza and spread for1⁄2 mile (800 m) to the south and west; the village was calledOghá P'o'oge inTewa.[20] The Tanoans and other Pueblo peoples settled along theSanta Fe River from the mid-11th to mid-12th centuries,[21] but had abandoned the site for at least 200 years by the time Spanish arrived in the early 17th century.[22][23]
DonJuan de Oñate led the first Spanish effort to colonize the region in 1598, establishingSanta Fe de Nuevo México as a province ofNew Spain. Under Juan de Oñate and his son, the capital of the province was the settlement ofSan Juan de los Caballeros north of Santa Fe near modernOhkay Owingeh Pueblo. Juan de Oñate was banished and exiled from New Mexico by the Spanish, after his rule was deemed cruel towards the indigenous population.[24]
New Mexico's secondSpanish governor, DonPedro de Peralta, however, founded a new city at the foot of theSangre de Cristo Mountains in 1607, which he calledLa Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís, the Royal Town of the Holy Faith of SaintFrancis of Assisi. In 1610, he designated it as the capital of the province, which it has almost constantly remained,[25] making it the oldest state capital in the United States.
Lack of Native American representation within the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, New Spain (current New Mexico's early government) led to the 1680Pueblo Revolt, when groups of different NativePueblo peoples were successful in driving the Spaniards out of New Mexico to El Paso. The Pueblo people continued running New Mexico from the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe from 1680 to 1692.
The territory was reconquered in 1692 by DonDiego de Vargas through the so-called "Bloodless Reconquest", which was criticized as violent even at the time. The next governor,Francisco Cuervo y Valdez, started to broker peace, including the founding ofAlbuquerque, to guarantee better representation and trade access for Pueblos in New Mexico's government. Other governors of New Mexico, such asTomás Vélez Cachupin, continued to be better known for their more forward-thinking work with the indigenous population of New Mexico.
Santa Fe in 1846, then a Mexican territorial capital, approaching the onset of theMexican-American War
Santa Fe was Spain's provincial seat at outbreak of theMexican War of Independence in 1810. The city's status as the capital of the Mexican territory ofSanta Fe de Nuevo México was formalized in the1824 Constitution after Mexico achieved independence from Spain.
In addition to remaining the administrative and political heart of Nuevo Mexico, Santa Fe maintained its status as the central trading and transportation hub west of the Mississippi. Beginning in the 1820s, theSanta Fe Trail brought lucrative commercial links to what was then the American frontier in Missouri, attracting both indigenous and Euro-American traders.[26] The opening of trade and migration with the U.S. also facilitated friendly relations between the new Mexican republic and its American counterpart, for which Santa Fe was the primary nexus.[26]
During that period, it was the site designated for the operation of the District Court of the Territory of New Mexico (Juzgado de Distrito del Territorio de Nuevo México), which existed from 1832, when José María Nájera, the first and only appointed judge who managed to reach Santa Fe, took possession of the court, and de facto conclusion in 1837 whenSantiago Abreu, substitute judge, was murdered, and de jure in 1841, whenAntonio López de Santa Anna ordered its closure.[27]
When theRepublic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836, it attempted to claim Santa Fe and other parts ofNuevo México as part of the western portion of Texas along theRío Grande. In 1841, a small military and trading expedition set out fromAustin, intending to take control of the Santa Fe Trail. Known as theTexan Santa Fe Expedition, the force was poorly prepared and easily captured by the New Mexican military.
Notwithstanding these incursions, as well as recurring conflicts between Euro-American settlers and native peoples, Santa Fe witnessed multiple migrations through the three trails that led to the city, which would give way to the railroad,Route 66, and the interstate.
In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. Brigadier GeneralStephen W. Kearny led the main body of his Army of the West of some 1,700 soldiers into Santa Fe to claim it and the wholeNew Mexico Territory for the United States. By 1848 the U.S. officially gained New Mexico through theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
ColonelAlexander William Doniphan, under the command of Kearny, recovered ammunition from Santa Fe labeled "Spain 1776" showing both the lack of communications and quality of military support New Mexico received under Mexican rule.[28]
In 1846, following theannexation ofTexas, they claimed Santa Fe along with other territory in eastern New Mexico. Texas GovernorPeter H. Bell sent a letter to PresidentZachary Taylor, who died before he could read it, demanding that theU.S. Army stop defending New Mexico. In response, Taylor's successorMillard Fillmore stationed additional troops to the area to halt any incursion by theTexas Militia.[29] Territorial claims were also brought by theCalifornia Republic andState of Deseret each claiming parts of western New Mexico. These territorial disputes were finally resolved by theCompromise of 1850, which designated the103rd meridian west as Texas's western border and resulted inCalifornia's statehood, and the establishment of the land claims of theUtah andNew Mexico Territory.
Some American visitors at first saw little promise in the remote town. One traveller in 1849 wrote:
I can hardly imagine how Santa Fe is supported. The country around it is barren. At the North stands a snow-capped mountain while the valley in which the town is situated is drab and sandy. The streets are narrow.... A Mexican will walk about town all day to sell a bundle of grass worth about a dime. They are the poorest looking people I ever saw. They subsist principally on mutton, onions and red pepper.[30]
In 1851,Jean Baptiste Lamy arrived, becoming bishop of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado in 1853. During his leadership, he traveled to France, Rome, Tucson, Los Angeles, St. Louis, New Orleans, and Mexico City. He built the Santa FeSaint Francis Cathedral and shaped Catholicism in the region until his death in 1888.[31]
On October 21, 1887,Anton Docher, "The Padre of Isleta", went toNew Mexico where he was ordained as a priest in the St Francis Cathedral of Santa Fe by BishopJean-Baptiste Salpointe. After a few years serving in Santa Fe,[33]Bernalillo andTaos,[34] he moved toIsleta on December 28, 1891. He wrote an ethnological article published inThe Santa Fé Magazine in June 1913, in which he describes early 20th century life in the Pueblos.[35]
As railroads were extended into the West, Santa Fe was originally envisioned as an important stop on theAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. But as the tracks were constructed into New Mexico, thecivil engineers decided that it was more practical to go throughLamy, a town inSanta Fe County to the south of Santa Fe. A branch line was completed from Lamy to Santa Fe in 1880.[36] TheDenver and Rio Grande Western Railroad extended thenarrow gaugeChili Line from the nearby city ofEspañola to Santa Fe in 1886.[37] The Territory of New Mexico incorporated the City of Santa Fe on June 17, 1891.
Neither was sufficient to offset the negative effects of Santa Fe's having been bypassed by the main railroad route. It suffered gradual economic decline into the early 20th century. Activists created a number of resources for the arts andarchaeology, notably theSchool of American Research, created in 1907 under the leadership of the prominent archaeologistEdgar Lee Hewett. In the early 20th century, Santa Fe became a base for numerous writers and artists. The first airplane to fly over Santa Fe was piloted by Rose Dugan, carryingVera von Blumenthal as passenger. Together the two women started the development of thePueblo Indian pottery industry, helping Native women to market their wares. They contributed to the founding of the annualSanta Fe Indian Market.
Built in 1900, the Bataan Building served as the New Mexico's firststate capitol following statehood in 1912.
In 1912, New Mexico was admitted as the 47th U.S. state, with Santa Fe as its capital. At this time, with an approximate population of 5,000 people, the city's civic leaders designed and enacted a sophisticated city plan that incorporated elements of the contemporaryCity Beautiful movement, city planning, and historic preservation. The latter was particularly influenced by similar movements in Germany. The plan anticipated limited future growth, considered the scarcity of water, and recognized the future prospects of suburban development on the outskirts. The planners foresaw that its development must be in harmony with the city's character.[38]
After the mainline of the railroad bypassed Santa Fe, it lost population. However, artists and writers, as well as retirees, were attracted to the cultural richness of the area, the beauty of the landscapes, and its dry climate. Local leaders began promoting the city as a tourist attraction. The city sponsored architectural restoration projects and erected new buildings according to traditional techniques and styles, thus creating theSanta Fe Style.
Edgar L. Hewett, founder and first director of theSchool of American Research and theMuseum of New Mexico in Santa Fe, was a leading promoter. He began theSanta Fe Fiesta in 1919 and the Southwest Indian Fair in 1922 (now known as theIndian Market). When Hewett tried to attract a summer program for Texas women, many artists rebelled, saying the city should not promote artificial tourism at the expense of its artistic culture. The writers and artists formed the Old Santa Fe Association and defeated the plan.[39]
New Mexico voted against interning any of its citizens of Japanese heritage, so none of the Japanese New Mexicans were interned during World War II.[40] DuringWorld War II, the federal government ordered aJapanese-American internment camp to be established. Beginning in June 1942, theDepartment of Justice arrested 826 Japanese-American men after theattack on Pearl Harbor; they held them near Santa Fe, in a formerCivilian Conservation Corps site that had been acquired and expanded for the purpose. Although there was a lack of evidence and nodue process, the men were held on suspicion offifth column activity. Security at Santa Fe was similar to a military prison, with twelve-foot barbed wire fences, guard towers equipped with searchlights, and guards carrying rifles, side arms andtear gas.[41] By September, the internees had been transferred to other facilities—523 toWar Relocation Authority concentration camps in the interior of the West, and 302 to Army internment camps.
The Santa Fe site was used next to holdGerman andItalian nationals, who were considered enemy aliens after the outbreak of war.[42] In February 1943, these civilian detainees were transferred toDepartment of Justice custody.
The camp was expanded at that time to take in 2,100 men segregated from the general population of Japanese-American inmates. These were mostlyNisei andKibei who renounced their U.S. citizenship rather than sign an oath to "give up loyalty to the Japanese emperor" (offending them, since they had no identification with the emperor and were being asked to enlist in fighting him while their Japanese-born parents were interned) and other "troublemakers" from theTule Lake Segregation Center.[41] In 1945, four internees were seriously injured when violence broke out between the internees and guards in an event known as theSanta Fe Riot. The camp remained open past the end of the war; the last detainees were released in mid-1946. The facility was closed and sold as surplus soon after.[42] The camp was located in what is now the Casa Solana neighborhood.[43]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 52.4 sq mi (135.6 km2), of which 52.2 sq mi (135.3 km2) are land and 0.12 sq mi (0.3 km2) (0.21%) is covered by water.[44]
Santa Fe is located at 7,199 feet (2,194 m) above sea level, making it the highest state capital in the United States.[45]
Santa Fe's climate is characterized by cool, dry winters, hot summers, and relatively low precipitation. According to theKöppen climate classification, depending on which variant of the system is used, the city has acold semi-arid climate (BSk), common at35°N.[46][47] The 24-hour average temperature in the city ranges from 30.3 °F (−0.9 °C) in December to 70.1 °F (21.2 °C) in July. Due to the relativearidity and elevation, averagediurnal temperature variation exceeds 25 °F (14 °C) in every month, and 30 °F (17 °C) much of the year. The city usually receives six to eight snowfalls a year between November and April. The heaviest rainfall occurs in July and August, with the arrival of theNorth American Monsoon.
Climate data for Santa Fe, New Mexico (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1972–present), elevation 6,998 ft (2,133 m)
As of the 2020 census, there were 87,505 people living in the city, up from 67,947 in 2010, equating to an annual growth of close to 3%. As per the 2010 census, the racial makeup of the city residents was 78.9%White, 2.1% Native American; 1.4% Black, 1.4% Asian; and 3.7% from two or more races. A total of 48.7% of the population wereHispanic or Latino of any race. Non-HispanicWhites were 39.5% of the population.[53]
Santa Fe, New Mexico – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
There were 27,569 households, out of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.7% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.90.
The age distribution was 20.3% under 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 women aged 18 and over, there were 89.0 men.
The median income for a household in the city was $40,392, and the median income for a family was $49,705. Men had a median income of $32,373 versus $27,431 for women. The per capita income for the city was $25,454. About 9.5% of families and 12.3% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.
Approximately 23% of households identify asLGBT. This city has a history of inclusivity, with diverse community organizations.[59]
In a September 2003 report by Angelou Economics, it was determined that Santa Fe should focus its economic development efforts in the following seven industries: Arts and Culture, Design, Hospitality, Conservation Technologies, Software Development, Publishing and New Media, and Outdoor Gear and Apparel. Three secondary targeted industries for Santa Fe to focus development in are health care, retiree services, and food & beverage. Angelou Economics recognized three economic signs that Santa Fe's economy was at risk of long-term deterioration. The seven industries recommended by the report "represent a good mix for short-, mid-, and long-term economic cultivation."[60]
Tourism is a major element of the Santa Fe economy, with visitors attracted year-round by the climate and related outdoor activities (such as skiing in years of adequate snowfall; hiking in other seasons) plus cultural activities of the city and the region. Tourism information is provided by theconvention and visitor bureau[61] and thechamber of commerce.[62]
Some tourist activities take place in the historic downtown, especially on and around the Plaza, a one-block square adjacent to thePalace of the Governors, the original seat of New Mexico's territorial government since the time of Spanishcolonization. Other areas include "Museum Hill", the site of several art museums as well as the annualSanta Fe International Folk Art Market. There are numerous art and craft galleries along Canyon Road. During the second week of September, theaspens in theSangre de Cristo Mountains turn yellow. This is also the time of the annualFiestas de Santa Fe, celebrating the "reconquering" of Santa Fe byDon Diego de Vargas, a highlight of which is the burningZozobra ("Old Man Gloom"), a 50-foot (15 m)marionette.[63]
Day trips in the Santa Fe area include locations such as the town ofTaos, about 70 mi (113 km) north of Santa Fe. The historicBandelier National Monument and theValles Caldera are located approximately 30 mi (48 km) away. Santa Fe'sski resort,Ski Santa Fe, is about 16 mi (26 km) northeast of the city.Chimayo is also nearby and many locals complete the annual pilgrimage to theSantuario de Chimayo.[64]
Due to the presence and proximity of various educational and scientific institutions, its overall attractiveness for visitors, and an established tourism industry, Santa Fe routinely hosts a variety of scientific meetings, summer schools, and public lectures, such as International q-bio Conference on Cellular Information Processing, Santa Fe Institute's Complex Systems Summer School,[67] and LANL's Center For Nonlinear Studies Annual Conference.[68]
In 2020, Santa Fe announced efforts to become the "Silicon Valley of the Southwest" through partnerships with various educational, scientific, and business organizations aimed at creating a "technology ecosystem".[69] The city is part of New Mexico's broader statewide initiative to become a science and technology hub, sometimes called "Silicon Mesa",[70] as well as the New Mexico Innovation Triangle (NMIT), an ongoing initiative launched in 2020 that includes Los Alamos and Albuquerque as part of a purported innovation ecosystem.[71][72]
Santa Fe is well known as a center for arts and for its multiculturalism; since 2005, it has been designated as aUNESCO Creative City in Crafts and Folk Art.[73]
An important style implemented in planning the city was the radiating grid of streets centered on the central Plaza. Many were narrow and included small alleyways, but each gradually merged into the more casual byways of the agricultural perimeter areas. As the city grew throughout the 19th century, the building styles evolved too, so that by statehood in 1912, the eclectic nature of the buildings caused it to look like "Anywhere USA".[74] The city government realized that the economic decline, which had started more than twenty years before with the railway moving west and the federal government closing down Fort Marcy, might be reversed by the promotion of tourism.
To achieve that goal, the city created the idea of imposing a unified building style – theSanta Fe Pueblo Revival look, which was based on work done restoring the Palace of the Governors. The sources for this style came from the many defining features of local architecture:vigas (rough, exposed beams that extrude through supporting walls, and are thus visible outside as well as inside the building) andcanales (rain spouts cut into short parapet walls around flat roofs), features borrowed from many old adobe homes and churches built many years before and found in thepueblos, along with the earth-toned look (reproduced instucco) of the old adobe exteriors.
After 1912 this style became official: all buildings were to be built using these elements. By 1930 there was a broadening to include the "Territorial", a style of the pre-statehood period which included the addition ofportales (large, covered porches) and white-painted window and door pediments (and also sometimesterra cotta tiles on sloped roofs, but with flat roofs still dominating). The city had become "different". However, "in the rush to pueblofy"[75] Santa Fe, the city lost a great deal of its architectural history and eclecticism. Among the architects most closely associated with this new style areT. Charles Gaastra andJohn Gaw Meem.
By an ordinance passed in 1957, new and rebuilt buildings, especially those in designated historic districts, must exhibit aSpanish Territorial or Pueblo style of architecture, with flat roofs and other features suggestive of the area's traditionaladobe construction. However, many contemporary houses in the city are built from lumber, concrete blocks, and other common building materials, but with stucco surfaces (sometimes referred to as "faux-dobe", pronounced as one word: "foe-dough-bee") reflecting the historic style.
Canyon Road, east of the Plaza, has the highest concentration of art galleries in the city, and is a destination for international collectors, tourists and locals. The Canyon Road galleries showcase an array of contemporary,Southwestern, Indigenous American, and experimental art, in additionTaos Masters, andNative American pieces. There are several outdoor sculptures in the city, including many statues ofFrancis of Assisi, and several other holy figures, such asKateri Tekakwitha.[76]
SITE Santa Fe exhibits new developments in contemporary art, encouraging artistic exploration, and expanding traditional museum experiences. Launched in 1995 SITE organizes an international biennial of contemporary art in the United States, similar to exhibitions as theWhitney Biennial and theVenice Biennale but at a smaller scale.[77][78]
Santa Fe contains a lively contemporary art scene, withMeow Wolf as its main art collective. Originally backed by authorGeorge R. R. Martin,[79] Meow Wolf opened an elaborate art installation space, called House of Eternal Return, in 2016.[80]
Performance Santa Fe, formerly the Santa Fe Concert Association, is the oldest presenting organization in Santa Fe. Founded in 1937, Performance Santa Fe brings celebrated and legendary musicians as well as some of the world's greatest dancers and actors to the city year-round.[82] TheSanta Fe Opera stages its productions between late June and late August each year. The city also hosts theSanta Fe Chamber Music Festival which is held at about the same time, mostly in theSt. Francis Auditorium and in theLensic Theater. In July and August, theSanta Fe Desert Chorale holds its summer festival. Santa Fe has its own professional ballet company,Aspen Santa Fe Ballet, which performs in both cities and tours nationally and internationally. Santa Fe is also home to internationally acclaimed Flamenco dancer'sMaría Benítez Institute for Spanish Arts which offers programs and performance in Flamenco, Spanish Guitar and similar arts year-round.
Santa Fe has become a growing hub for Indigenous and contemporary fashion. Each May, the city hostsNative Fashion Week,[83] an annual series of events celebrating Indigenous designers, artists, and models from across North America. In August, during theSanta Fe Indian Market, the SWAIA Indigenous Fashion Show draws national attention for its high-profile runway presentations of Native couture. Additionally, Santa Fe Fashion Week, held annually in the fall, features regional designers and emerging talent, contributing to the city’s expanding presence in the fashion industry.
Santa Fe is acharter city governed by amayor-council system.[87] The city is divided into fourelectoral districts, each represented by two councilors. Councilors are elected to staggered four-year terms and one councilor from each district is elected every two years.[87]: Article VI The current mayor of Santa Fe isAlan Webber;[88] current city council members are Alma Castro, Signe I. Lindell, Michael Garcia, Carol Romero-Wirth, Pilar Faulkner, Lee Garcia, Jamie Cassutt, and Amanda Chávez.
The municipal judgeship is an elected position and a requirement of the holder is that they be a member of the statebar. The judge is elected to four-year terms.[87]: Article VII
The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and a member of the governing body. The mayor has numerous powers and duties, and while previously the mayor could only vote when there was a tie among the city council, the city charter was amended by referendum in 2014 to allow the mayor to vote on all matters in front of the council. Starting in 2018, the position of mayor will be a full-time professional paid position within city government.[87]: Article V Day-to-day operations of the municipality are undertaken by the city manager's office.[87]: Article VIII
Adelina Otero-Warren, a leading suffragist in New Mexico, became one of the state's first female government officials when she served as superintendent of Santa Fe public schools from 1917 to 1929. In 1922, she also became the firstHispanic woman to run for the U.S. Congress, as theRepublican nominee to representNew Mexico's at-large district. In 2022, Otero-Warren was one of five women chosen for theAmerican Women Quarters Program, which honors women who have made notable contributions to the country.[94]
Santa Fe has long been one of the strongest Democratic bastions in the state of New Mexico. In 2024, Kamala Harris earned 78.1% of the city's vote, while the Republican candidate Donald Trump received 19.5%, making Santa Fe the strongest Democratic city in New Mexico.
Public schools in Santa Fe are operated bySanta Fe Public Schools, with the exception of the New Mexico School for the Arts, which is a public/private partnership comprising the NMSA-Art Institute, a nonprofit art educational institution, and NMSA-Charter School, an accredited New Mexico state charter high school.
The city has seven private college preparatory high schools: Santa Fe Waldorf School,[95]St. Michael's High School, Desert Academy,[96]New Mexico School for the Deaf, Santa Fe Secondary School,Santa Fe Preparatory School,Mandela International Magnet School, and the Academy for Technology and the Classics.[97] TheSanta Fe Indian School is an off-reservation school forNative Americans. Santa Fe is also the location of the New Mexico School for the Arts, a public-private partnership, arts-focused high school. The city has many private elementary schools as well, including Little Earth School,[98] Santa Fe International Elementary School,[99] Rio Grande School, Desert Montessori School,[100] La Mariposa Montessori, The Tara School, Fayette Street Academy, The Santa Fe Girls' School,The Academy for the Love of Learning, and Santa Fe School for the Arts and Sciences.
Santa Fe Trails, run by the city, operates a number of bus routes within the city during business hours and also provides connections to regional transit.
Along with theNew Mexico Rail Runner Express, a commuter rail line serving the metropolitan areas of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, the city or its environs are served by two other railroads. TheSanta Fe Southern Railway, now mostly a tourist rail experience but also carrying freight, operates excursion services out of Santa Fe as far asLamy, 15 miles (24 km) to the southeast. The Santa Fe Southern line is one of the United States' fewrails with trails. Lamy is also served byAmtrak's dailySouthwest Chief for train service to Chicago, Los Angeles, and intermediate points. Passengers transiting Lamy may use a special connecting coach/van service to reach Santa Fe.
^Gleye, Paul (1994). "Santa Fe Without Adobe: Lessons for the Identity of Place".Journal of Architectural and Planning Research.11 (3). Locke Science Publishing Company, Inc.:181–196.ISSN0738-0895.JSTOR43029123.
^Sanchez, F. Richard (2010).White Shell Water Place, An Anthology of Native American Reflections on the 400th Anniversary of the Founding of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press.ISBN978-0865347861.OCLC663459106.
^Lima Estrada, Eduardo (2025).OJEADA SOBRE LOS JUZGADOS DE DISTRITO DE ALTA CALIFORNIA Y NUEVO MÉXICO O CRÓNICA DE SU EXISTENCIA A PARTIR DE LOS ARCHIVOS (in Spanish). pp. 19–99.ISBN9798305184969.
^Garrard, Lewis H. (1955) [1850].Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
^Harry Moul; Linda Tigges (Spring 1996). "The Santa Fe 1912 City Plan: A 'City Beautiful' and City Planning Document".New Mexico Historical Review.71 (2):135–155.
^Carter Jones Meyer (September 2006). "The Battle between 'Art' and 'Progress': Edgar L. Hewett and the Politics of Region in the Early-Twentieth-Century Southwest".Montana: The Magazine of Western History.56 (3):47–61.
^abJeffrey Burton; Mary Farrell; Florence Lord; Richard Lord (2000)."Department of Justice Internment Camps: Santa Fe, New Mexico".Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites. National Park Service. Archived fromthe original on March 25, 2016. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2017.
^U.S. Census Bureau (2022).Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Retrieved from <https://censusreporter.org>
^Chacón, Carlos.Demographic Insights and Social Dynamics: An Examination of the LGBTQIA+ Household Composition in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Texas A&M University Press, 2019, p. 1.
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