| Sanjak of Albania Sanxhaku i Arbërisë (Albanian) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanjak of theOttoman Empire | |||||||||||
| 1415–1444 | |||||||||||
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| Capital | Gjirokastër(since 1419) Vlorë(since 1431) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1415 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1444 | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | Albania Greece | ||||||||||
TheSanjak of Albania (Ottoman Turkish:سنجاق آرونید,romanized: Sancâk-ı Arvanid, orآرونید سنجاغی,Arvanid sancâğı;Albanian:Sanxhaku i Arbërisë orSanxhaku i Shqipërisë) was asecond-level administrative unit of theOttoman Empire between 1415 and 1444. Its mandate included territories of modern central and southernAlbania betweenKrujë to theKalamas River in northwesternGreece.
During the 14th century, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and theBalkans. The divided nature of theAlbania consisting of small, quarreling fiefdoms ruled by independent feudal lords and tribal chiefs meant that an Ottoman invasion was difficult to defend against. In 1385, the ruler ofDurrës,Karl Thopia, appealed to the sultan for support against his rivals, theBalšić family. An Ottoman force quickly marched into Albania along theVia Egnatia and routedBalša II in theBattle of Savra. The principal Albanian clans soon swore fealty to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans allowed conquered Albanian clan chiefs to maintain their positions and property, but they had to pay tribute, send their sons to the Ottoman court as hostages, and provide the Ottoman army with auxiliary troops.[1]
The sanjak was established by 1415–17.[2] After 1431, the capital of the sanjak seems to have beenVlorë.[3]
In the 1431–32 period all rural and urban households and their property were registered in all ten districts of theArvanid sanjak.[4] The 1432 register shows that districts in the Sanjak of Albania were further divided on 335timars, each composed by two or three villages. The Arvanid register is one of the earliest available land registers in Ottoman Empire's archives,[5][6] and was published in 1954.[7]
In 1432 Andrew Thopia andGjergj Arianiti revolted against the empire.[8] When theAlbanian Revolt of 1432–36 began the sanjakbey of Albania wasAli Bey Evrenosoglu.[9] The uprising was finally suppressed during the 1435–36 campaigns of Ali Bey[10] andTurakhan Beg.[11]
In 1437, whenTeodor III Muzaka revolted against the Ottomans, the sanjak-bey of Albania was his sonYakup Bey.[12] In 1437–38Skanderbeg was appointed thesubaşi of Krujë,[13] after which Hizir Bey was again appointed to that position in November 1438.[14] The first position ofHadim Sehabeddin Pasha outside the sultan's palace was the position of sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Albania, which he held until 1439 when he was appointed as beylerbey of theRumelia Eyalet.[15] When in 1441Përmet was annexed to the sanjak of Albania, Yakup Bey is mentioned as its sanjakbey.[16] He remained on the position of the sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Albania until September 1442[17] when he was killed as one of 16 Ottoman sanjakbeys under command of Hadim Sehabeddin Pasha who were all killed by Christian forces commanded byJanos Hunyadi in a battle nearIalomița River.[18]
Hadim Suleiman Pasha was the sanjak-bey of Albania briefly before becoming thesanjak-bey of Smederevo.[19]
The Sanjak of Albania was disestablished in 1444, after theLeague of Lezhë was formed. After Elbasan fell into Ottoman hands once again the construction ofElbasan Castle saw the establishment of theSanjak of Elbasan. The new sanjak incorporated Isbat (Shpat) andÇermenika.[3] At the same time theSanjak of Avlona (Vlorë) was established with the sub-districts (kaza) of Skrapar, Përmet, Pogon, Tepelenë and Gjirokastër.[3]
The newly occupied Albanian lands were organized into thesancak-i Arvanid ("sanjak of the Arvanids"), a military-administrative district subject to the largerRumelia Eyalet (Ottoman Balkans).[3] The sanjak was subdivided into ninevilayets, sub-districts including a city and its surrounding villages, headed bybeys.[3] The vilayets in turn were subdivided into nahiyes under the supervision of anaib (district-judge).[3] The Sanjak of Albania represents the first definition of Albania by the Ottoman Empire as a territorial unit, linking theAlbanian language to a specific territory.[20]
In 1431–32 the Ottoman governor Umur Bey compiled adefter (cadastral survey) in the sanjak, which stretched from Krujë in the north to theKalamas river valley in the south.[21]
| Vilâyet | Seat | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ergirikasrı[7] or Zenebis[3] | Ergirikasrı (Gjirokastër) | |
| Klisura | Klisura (Këlcyrë) | |
| Kanina | Kanina (Kaninë) | |
| Belgrad | Belgrad (Berat) | |
| Tomorince | Tomorince (Tomorricë) | |
| İskrapar | İskrapar (Skrapar) | |
| Pavlo-Kurtik | 20 timars (9 Christian).[7] | |
| Çartolos | ||
| Akçahisar | Akçahisar (Krujë) |
...and by 1415-1417 the province of Albania, Arvanid-ili or Arnavud-ili, was constituted.
Le sandjakbey d'Albanie, Ali bey Evrenos, partant de Gjirokastra, se porta aussitôt contre Arianite, mais les Turcs, selon le chroniqueur Oruc, furent battus à Buzurshek, dans la vallée du Shkumbin.
Pasi u larguan ushtritë turke të Rumelisë, shpërtheu aty nga viti 1437-1438 një kryengritje tjetër në rrethin e Beratit, e krye- suar nga Theodhor Korona Muzaka, biri i të cilit, Jakup Beu, ishte në atë kohë sanxhakbeu i sanxhakut të Shqipërisë
Şehabeddin's first post outside the palace was as sanjak governor in Gjirokastrës, Albania (Albania).47 in 1439, after the change in imperial policy ...
Yerli Hristiyan beylerden birisi olan Teodor Muzaka'nın oğlu Yakup Bey, İslâma geçerken, Osmanlı yönetimi kadrosu içine sokulmuş ve 1442 yılının dolaylarında Arvanid sancak beyi makamına kadar çıkmayı başarmıştır.3 Adı geçen sancağın
... e Shehabedin pashait e nga sanxhakbejlerët si Firuz beu, Jakup beu, i biri i Teodor Muzakës 30, e gjithsej pesëmbëdhjetë bejlerë pri- jësa ranë aty të gjithë dëshmorë. Shumica e jeniçerëve u grinë. Vetëm Shehabedin pasha u arratis.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Albanians under the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||||
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