Sandnes (pronounced[ˈsɑ̂nːeːs]ⓘ) is a city and municipality inRogaland,Norway. It lies immediately south ofStavanger, the 4th largest municipality in Norway, and together theStavanger/Sandnes area is the third-largest urban area in Norway. The urban city of Sandnes lies in the extreme western part of the vast municipality and it makes up about 5% of the total land area of the municipality.
Sandnes is part of the traditionaldistrict ofJæren. The western part of the municipality is very urbanized while the eastern part of the municipality is very rural. The municipality is divided into 13 boroughs and the administrative centre is located in the borough ofTrones og Sentrum, a borough in the city. There are several villages in the rural parts of the municipality includingHommersåk,Høle,Foss-Eikeland,Stokka,Forsand,Lysebotn, andVatne.
The 1,041-square-kilometre (402 sq mi) municipality is the 109th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Sandnes is the 7th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 83,382 in 2023.[1] The municipality's population density is 84.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (218/sq mi) and its population has increased by 20.8% over the previous 10-year period.[2][3]
Map of the Stavanger/Sandnes regionView of the village ofHommersåk
The small port village of Sandnes was grantedladested (small seaport city) status in 1860. On 6 April 1861, the small city was separated from the municipality ofHøyland to form a separate self-governing municipality of its own. Initially, the municipality had 440 residents.
On 1 July 1957, a small part of Høyland municipality (population: 18) was transferred to the city of Sandnes.[4]
During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of theSchei Committee. On 1 January 1965, the city and municipality of Sandnes (population: 3,961) was merged with the municipality of Høyland (population: 20,353) and parts of the municipalities ofHøle (population: 926) andHetland (population: 2,077).[4]
In 2014, theStorting decided that the number of municipalities in Norway would be lowered. If the municipalities of Sandnes, Stavanger and Sola were to merge, a new municipality would be formed called Nord-Jæren, after the name of the geographical location the municipalities are located in. After the city council said no to the merge, proposals forForsand to merge with Sandnes were enacted instead.
On 1 January 2017, a small 350-decare (86-acre) area on the southwestern edge of the village ofSolakrossen was transferred from Sandnes municipality to the neighboring municipality ofSola.[5]
On 1 January 2020, most of the neighboring municipality of Forsand was merged with Sandnes to form one large municipality called Sandnes.[6]
The municipality (and city) is named after an oldSandnæs farm, since the city was built on its grounds. The first element issand which means 'sand' or 'sandy beach' and the last element isnes which means 'headland'. The farm was located at the end of theGandsfjorden where the city centre is located today.[7]
Thecoat of arms, granted on 21 April 1972, shows a white piece ofpottery against a green background. Pottery was chosen since it was one of the main industries in the late 18th century. The symbol is aleirgauk, which in English would be aceramiccuckoo bird (leir(e), 'clay, ceramic' andgauk/gjøk, 'cuckoo bird'). The ceramic Sandnes cuckoo (Norwegian:sandnesgauk) is anocarina or simple flute which was made by the potteries in Sandnes and used to advertise their products. Later it also became a nickname for people from Sandnes.[8]
The municipality lies in theJæren region and stretches 90 kilometres (56 mi) nearly from the west coast of Norway to the rugged mountainous interior. The city of Sandnes is located at the base of theStavanger Peninsula, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of the city ofStavanger, and these two cities have expanded so as to form aconurbation. The municipality ofSola is located to the west,Klepp andTime,Gjesdal to the south,Sirdal andBykle to the east,Strand andHjelmeland to the northeast, and Stavanger to the northwest. ThefjordGandsfjorden is situated north–south at the west end of the municipality and theHøgsfjorden andLysefjorden dominate the eastern part of the municipality. Theinternational airport for Sandnes/Stavanger is situated in Sola, just to the west of Sandnes.
The landscape of western Sandnes is quite flat. On the long west coast there are several beaches and further inland the land is raised to form low plains with some small peaks rising up to 400 to 500 metres (1,300 to 1,600 ft) above sea level. From Stavanger and Sandnes it is approximately one hour by car to alpine and skiing resorts. In Sandnes there are some easily accessible small mountain peaks, such as Dalsnuten and Lifjell, with a view over the Sandnes/Stavanger area. The renownedLysefjorden is also easily accessible by car or boat. The lakeFrøylandsvatnet, the riverFiggjoelva, and the mountainHanafjellet are all located in Sandnes.
The Lysefjorden in the eastern part of the municipality is surrounded by very steep 1,000-metre (3,300 ft) tall cliffs such asKjerag andPreikestolen, with theLysefjord Bridge crossing the fjord near the western end. The famousKjeragbolten boulder andKjeragfossen waterfall are located along the inner part of the fjord. The village ofLysebotn lies at the eastern end of the fjord. The lakeNilsebuvatnet is located high up in the mountains, north of Lysebotn on the border of Strand and Forsand municipalities. It is regulated for hydroelectric power use at theLysebotn Hydroelectric Power Station.
Panoramic view over the villageLysebotn located innermost in the Lysefjord (full image)
Sandnes is in a common urban area with Stavanger and thus the weather station for the international airport ofStavanger Sola is the closest weather station to Sandnes proper.
Situated on the southwest coast of Norway, the local climate is greatly influenced by the temperate water in the North Sea, and Atlantic lows giving mild westerlies also in winter. This creates warmer temperatures throughout the year compared to other cities at similar latitudes, and also gives plentiful precipitation in the form of rain, especially in late autumn and winter. Sandnes is a little bit more inland than the airport so thus may have slightly warmer summer days and cooler winter nights as a result.
According toKöppen climate classification, Sandnes has atemperateoceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb,Trewartha:Dolk) with five months with a mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F). Spring and early summer is the driest season. The all-time high 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) at the airport was recorded August 1975. The warmest high recorded in the Stavanger area is 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at the weather station Stavanger-Våland (72 m) in July 2018. The warmest month on record at Stavanger Airport is August 2002 with mean 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) and average daily high 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). The all-time low −19.8 °C (−3.6 °F) was recorded January 1987. The coldest month on record is February 1963 with mean −5 °C (23 °F) and average daily low −9.6 °C (14.7 °F). The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is April 20[9] and average date for first freeze in autumn is October 31[10] giving a frost-free season of 193 days (Stavanger Airport Sola 1981-2010 average).
Climate data for Stavanger Airport Sola 1991-2020 (7 m, extremes: 1947–2020, sunhours 1961-1990)
Themunicipal council (Kommunestyre) of Sandnes is made up of 49 representatives that are elected to four-year terms. Elections are always held two years from the parliamentary elections. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty.
Sandnes hosts a large array of retail shops of most kinds and is used by the neighbouring municipalities appreciating the service and wide range of selections. Sandnes is known as Norway's bicycle city, mainly due to the fact that the bicycle manufacturerØglænd DBS was situated here for decades. The city offers a variety of routes for everyday riders and tourists. Since 1996, a public bicycle rental program has been in operation in the city.
The city has a vibrant industrial base, mainly in theGanddal area in the south and the Lura andForus area in the north along the municipal boundary with Stavanger. There is significant activity related to oil exploration in theNorth Sea and also some IT-related companies. In this suburban region between Sandnes and Stavanger, malls and department stores have also been established. Among these malls is one of Norway's biggest malls,Kvadrat, meaning 'square' (although it is not square shaped anymore as it has expanded several times since it opened in 1984).
Around 30% of the population is employed in Stavanger (Q4 2004).[38] Sandnes was formerly known as thepottery town of Norway – due to the important ceramics industry based on the extensive occurrence of clay in the surroundings. TheVatneleiren military base is also located in Sandnes, just outsideVatne.
Since 2016, the primary football team,Sandnes Ulf, has played in the second tier,1. divisjon, of Norwegian professional football.
Sandnes is also known for its Rugby League team, Sandnes Raiders which has supplied the Norwegian national team with players.[citation needed]
The major tourist attraction in Sandnes is theScience Factory (Vitenfabrikken). It is a 4,000-square-metre (43,000 sq ft) science museum with science and art exhibitions, a planetarium, sun telescopes, and chemistry experiments.
Sandnes is the only city in Norway which is a member of theWorld Health Organization's network of Healthy Cities. Sandnes and Stavanger were chosen along withLiverpool, United Kingdom, to be a European Capital of Culture for 2008.[citation needed]
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