Apabhraṃśa epic by Addahamāṇa
TheSandeśarāsaka, also known by its Apabhraṃśa nameSaṃneharāsaya, (Sanskrit:सन्देशरासक,Apabhraṃśa: संनेहरासय) is anepic poem written around 1000–1100 by Addahamāṇa (the Apabhraṃśa form of the name Abdur Rahman), aMultani poet,[1] inApabhramsha.[2][3][4] Its language is considered to be a version of Apabhramsha, the language that gave rise to modernNorthwestern Indo-Aryan languages likePunjabi andSindhi.[5]
The manuscripts of the book were discovered in Jain libraries byMuni Jinavijaya. According to Muni Jinavijaya, the work was written before the conquest byGhori in 1192, whenMultan was still a major Hindu pilgrimage center.[6] The manuscripts include Sanskrit explanations by a Jain scholar inSammat 1465 (circa 1408–09C.E.).
This epic poem is inspired byMeghaduta of Kalidasa.[7]
The author invoked God using an expression that combines Hindu and Muslim perspectives:[8]
- माणुस्सदुव्वविज्जाहरेहिं णहमग्गि सूर ससि बिंबे।
- आएहिं जो णमिज्जइ तं णयरे णमह कत्तारं।
- māṇussaduvvavijjāharehiṃ ṇahamaggi sūra sasi biṃbe.
- āehiṃ jo ṇamijjai taṃ ṇayare ṇamaha kattāraṃ.
In Shahmukhi,
- مَاݨُسَّدُوَّوِجَّاہَریہِں ݨَہَمَگِّ سُورَ سَسِ بِن٘بے ۔
- آئیہِں جو ݨَمِجَّئِ تَں ݨَیَرے ݨَمَہَ کَتَّارَں ۔
In Gurmukhi,
- ਮਾਣੁੱਸਦੁੱਵਵਿੱਜਾਹਰੇਹਿੰ ਣਹਮੱਗਿ ਸੂਰ ਸਸਿ ਬਿੰਬੇ।
- ਆਏਹਿੰ ਜੋ ਣਮਿੱਜਇ ਤੰ ਣਯਰੇ ਣਮਹ ਕੱਤਾਰੰ।
Translation,O citizens, salute the creator who is saluted by men, gods, vidyadharas, the sun and the moon.
It is the only work by a Muslim in Apabhramsha,[9] and it is a precursor ofBaba Farid and books likePadmavat of Jayasi.
It is the first book that refers to a vernacular work based on Ramayana.[10]
Two of the verses were quoted by AcharyaHemachandra (1088-1173).[11]
- ^Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009-05-03).Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
- ^सन्देशरासक (Sandeś Rāsak) : संस्कृत-टिप्पनक-अवचूरिकादिसमेत अपभ्रंश मूलग्रन्थ तथा आंग्लभाषानुवाद-विस्तृत प्रस्तावना-टिप्पणी-शब्दकोषादि समन्वित अब्दुल रहमान-कृत ; संपादक, जिनविजय मुनि (Editor:Jinavijaya Muni), तथा हरि वल्लभ भायाणी, सिंघी जैन ग्रन्थमाला (Singhi Jain Granthamala), भारतीय विद्या भवन (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan), 1945
- ^हिन्दी साहित्य में रासो काव्य परम्परा, सन्देश रासक, Ajay Kumar
- ^Sandesh Rasak, Hazari Prasad Dwiwedi, Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 2003, p. 12-13 (Google Books.)
- ^Panjab Past and Present, Volume 29, Part 1, Issue 57 – Part 2, Issue 58, Punjabi University. Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, 1995 p. 56
- ^The Felt Community: Commonalty and Mentality Before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism, Rajat Kanta Ray, Oxford University Press, 2003p. 189
- ^Studies in Punjab History & Culture, Gurcharan Singh, Enkay Publishers, 1990 p. 29-30
- ^हिंदी साहित्य को मुस्लिम साहित्यकारों का योगदान (1200 ई0 से 1850 ई0 तक) प्रोफ़ेसर शैलेश ज़ैदी, श्री नटराज प्रकाशन, ए-507/12, करतार नगर,बाबा श्यामगिरी मार्ग, साऊथ गामडी एक्सटेंशन, दिल्ली-53 (Blog.)
- ^Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature, Volume 47 of IAD oriental original series: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Saiyada Asad Alī, Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli, 2000, p. 12-13, 195
- ^Indian Horizons, Volumes 48-49, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, 2001 p. 100
- ^Origin and development of Hindi/Urdu literature, Madan Gopal, 1996, Page 3
