| Sanakht | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nebka ?Horus Sa ? | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Relief fragment of Sanakht in the pose of smiting an enemy. Originally from theSinai, now EA 691 on display at theBritish Museum. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 18 years according to theTurin Canon, most likely less, starting ca. 2650 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | uncertain,Sekhemkhet (most likely) orKhaba,Djoser,Khasekhemwy | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | uncertain,Khaba (most likely) orSekhemkhet,Huni,Qahedjet,Djoser | ||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Khasekhemwy ? | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Nimaathap ? | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Burial | mastaba K2 atBeit Khallaf? | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | 3rd Dynasty | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sanakht (also read asHor-Sanakht) is theHorus name of anancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of theThird Dynasty during theOld Kingdom. His chronological position is highly uncertain (though he is more likely to have reigned towards the end of the dynasty), and it is also unclear under whichHellenized name the ancient historianManetho could have listed him. Many Egyptologists connect Sanakht with the Ramesside cartouche nameNebka. However, this remains disputed because no further royal title of that king has ever been found; either in contemporary source or later ones. There are two relief fragments depicting Sanakht originally from theWadi Maghareh on theSinai Peninsula.
Sanakht's identity and position in the Third Dynasty is not entirely clear and remains the subject of debate. While Sanakht's existence is attested by seal fragments frommastaba K2 atBeit Khallaf and agraffito, his position as the founder of the Third Dynasty, as recorded byManetho and theTurin Canon, has been seriously undermined by recent archaeological discoveries atAbydos. These discoveries establish that it was likelyDjoser who helped bury—and thus succeed—Khasekhemwy, rather than Sanakht. This is determined from seals bearing Djoser's name found at the entrance to the latter's tomb.[1]
Proponents of the theory that Sanakht was nonetheless the founder of the dynasty object that the presence of Djoser's seals in Khasekhemwy's tomb only shows that Djoser conducted cultural rituals in honor of this king, and does not necessarily imply that Djoser was Khasekhemwy's immediate successor.[2] Sanakht could then have married QueenNimaethap, with Nimaethap being the daughter ofKhasekhemwy rather than his wife. Together with Sanakht, they could be the parents of Djoser. Alternatively, some have considered Sanakht to be Djoser's elder brother.
Presently, the dominant theory is that Sanakht's reign dates to the later Third Dynasty, after Djoser. EgyptologistsToby Wilkinson, Stephan Seidlmayer,Kenneth Kitchen andRainer Stadelmann equate Sanakht with "Nebka", a name appearing in Ramesside king lists. In support of this theory is a clay seal fragment on which the lower part of acartouche appears. In this cartouche Wilkinson, Seidlmayer and Stadelmann see traces of aKa-sign, the end of the name "Nebka".[3][4] Likewise, Dietrich Wildung favors equating Nebka with Sanakht, although he questions the validity of the seal as evidence given that it is too badly damaged to read the inscription within the cartouche as "Nebka" with any certainty.[5]
John D. Degreef,Nabil Swelim, andWolfgang Helck are against equating Nebka with Sanakht. They refer to the fact that the name "Nebka" is not attested on any monument nor in any document dating to before Djoser.[5] Instead, Nabil Swelim identifies Nebka with the Horus nameKhaba.[6] He further identifies Sanakht with a kingMesochris mentioned by Manetho, regarding this as aHellenized form of the throne name of Sanakht. He dated Sanakht's reign to between the seventh and eighth king of the Third Dynasty.[6]
Jürgen von Beckerath, Wolfgang Helck, Dietrich Wildung andPeter Kaplony proposed that Sanakht's Horus name is that of the shadowyHorus Sa, seeing the name "Sa" as a short form of "Sanakht".[7] From this, Wolfgang Helck holds that Sanakht's Nisut-Biti name wasWeneg. King Weneg, however, is widely held to have ruled during the Second Dynasty, and Helck's theory has been greeted with skepticism.[8]
Sanakht's name was once read "Hen Nekht" by Egyptologists such asErnest Wallis Budge. Today, this reading is not in use anymore; the up-to-date reading is "Sanakht" or (seldom) "Nakht-Sa".[9][10]
The exact duration of Sanakht's time on the throne is unknown. Unlike Djoser, few relics survive from his reign, which casts serious doubts on the traditional figure of 18 years of reign for this king, as given by both Manetho and the Turin Canon. It must be stressed that the Turin Canon and Manetho were more than one and two thousand years removed from the time of Egypt's Third Dynasty, and would be expected to contain some inaccurate or unreliable data. The Turin Canon, for instance, was transcribed on papyri that dates to the reign of the New Kingdom king,Ramesses II, who ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC.
Very little is known of Sanakht's activities during his reign. The presence of reliefs depicting him in the Sinai atWadi Maghareh together with those of Djoser andSekhemkhet suggest an important Egyptian presence there at the time of the Third Dynasty.[11] Expeditions were launched to that location for the procurement of mineral resources, in particularturquoise.
The location of Sanakht's tomb is not known with certainty. It was long thought that Sanakht's tomb was the largemastaba K2 atBeit Khallaf, as excavations there yielded relief fragments bearing his name. However, some Egyptologists now regard this mastaba as the burial of a high official, prince or queen rather than that of a pharaoh,[12] while others continue to support the first hypothesis.[13]
In the mastaba were found the skeletal remains of a man over 1.87 m (6 ft1+1⁄2 in) tall. According toCharles S. Myers, this stature was considerably taller than the 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) average of prehistoric and later Egyptians. The specimen's skull was very large and capacious. Although hiscranial index was unusually broad and almostbrachycephalic, the proportions of his long bones were tropically adapted like those of most other ancient Egyptians; especially those from the predynastic period. His overall cranial features, however, were closer to those of dynastic period Egyptian skulls.[9]
Consequently, the mastaba has been associated with an anecdote related by Manetho in which he tells of a late Second Dynasty king, calledSesochris, whom he describes as being particularly tall. The Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck proposed another hypothesis; namely, that Sanakht's tomb is anunfinished structure west of thepyramid of Djoser.[8]
While the case of Sanakht has often appeared in the medical literature as a potential case ofpituitary disease, no definitive consensus has existed for many years on whether it wasacromegaly orgigantism. In 2017palaeopathologist Francesco M. Galassi and Egyptologist Michael E. Habicht from Zurich University's Institute of Evolutionary Medicine coordinated an international team of researchers to reassess this case. Their conclusion was that the alleged remains of Sanakht are clearly the oldest known case of gigantism in the world.[14][15]
