| Samurra Air Battle | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theair campaign of thePersian Gulf War | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States |  Iraq | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Lt. Col. Randy Bigum Capt. Thomas Dietz 1st Lt. Robert Hehemann 1st Lt. Lynn Broome | Capt. Mahmoud Awad Capt.Mohammed Jassim as-Sammarai | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| "Xerex 31": 2F-15C "Xerex 33": 2F-15C | No. 96 Sqn: 1MiG-25 No. 97 Sqn: 1MiG-25 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 2 F-15s shot down (Iraqi claim)[1] at least 1 F-15 damaged (US claim)[2] | None | ||||||
Operation Samurra was an operation by theIraqi Air Force (IQAF) during theGulf War to decisively engageMcDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle fighters from theUnited States Air Force (USAF) usingMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 interceptors, and break the "wall" of F-15s that theCoalition had established along Iraq's border withIran. It demonstrated the last true offensive operation of the IQAF before grounding their air assets in an attempt to preserve them for future use. Through careful planning and coordination, two MiG-25 jets successfully caught two USAF F-15 fighters, of the53rd Tactical Fighter Squadron out ofAl Kharj Air Base, off guard and engaged them in a beyond-visual range air-to-air engagement.
By January 19, 1991 it had become apparent to Iraqi leadership that they could not engage Coalition air forces openly.President of IraqSaddam Hussein had ordered most of his air assets to be conserved inside of bunkers in an attempt to save them for future use against the Coalition. Consequently, Coalition sorties began targeting aircraft hangars and shelters to destroy the Iraqi Air Force on the ground. Between 17 and 27 January, 117 Iraqi aircraft were destroyed on the ground. Saddam ordered his air force to evacuate their aircraft to neighbouring Iran temporarily, to be used in future sorties (Iran instead interned the aircraft).
Flying in flights of four, Iraqi military aircraft retreated east across the country, routed throughBaghdad airspace due to its heavy air defenses. To counter this, the USAF established a "wall" of F-15s along the Iranian border to shoot down any aircraft attempting to flee. In order to facilitate the retreat of its air force, Iraq sought to shoot down these patrolling F-15s.[3]
Planning for Operation Samurra had begun as early as 18 January, when the IQAF was bolstered by a successful operation[clarification needed] the night before whereupon they intercepted several USAFEF-111 Ravens that werejamming Iraqi radars. Subsequently, Iraqi anti-aircraft gunners were able to wreak havoc on a now unprotected sortie ofF-15E Strike Eagle fighters.
The plan involved having two MiG-25 aircraft from different directions vectored onto an isolated group of F-15s. If the F-15s tried to attack one of the MiGs, the other would be in a flanking position which would enable it to down the F-15s more easily. Iraq didn't evacuate their MiG-25 "Foxbats" in order to retain them for this mission. Monitoring CoalitionAWACS and F-15 radio frequencies, Iraqi forces waited for the proper situation to begin the operation.[3]
Finally on January 30, an Iraqi intelligence unit intercepted communications that one of the patrols, "Xerex 31" was approaching "bingo fuel" which necessitated an hour and a half round trip to anaerial tanker. This left just two F-15 jets, "Xerex 33" piloted by USAF Capt. Thomas Dietz, and another by 1st Lt. Robert Hehemann, in the area. Recognizing the opportunity, two MiG-25s were scrambled from two separate air bases. Capt. Mahmoud Awad took off fromQadessiya Air Base, while Capt. Mohammed Jassi as-Sammarai took off from Tammuz Air Base. After engaging a false target,[citation needed] both pilots were directed to Dietz and Hehemann by Iraqi air traffic control.
The two flights immediately engaged one another, with Hehemann firing two missiles, one of which was a dud. At the same time, as-Sammarai achievedradar lock on Hehemann and fired anR-40 missile, which went ballistic after as-Sammarai was forced into evasive maneuvers to avoid Hehemann's missile. As-Sammarai's missile damaged Hehemann's left engine, but his F-15 remained flyable. Meanwhile, Dietz engaged Awad, attempting to fire several missiles at him. After Dietz's missiles failed to fire three times, Awad managed to get radar lock on Dietz's F-15, putting him onto the defensive. Dietz attempted to disengage, heading east. Hehemann, still engaged with as-Sammarai, fired another missile, and then found himself under lock-on by the now unoccupied Awad. Hehemann avoided Awad's missile with the use ofchaff andflares. As-Sammarai and Awad then disengaged to the west in full afterburner, back towardsTammuz Air Base.
At the same time, "Xerex 31" was returning from the aerial tanker and had been monitoring the air battle. Pilots Lt. Col. Randy Bigum and 1st Lt. Lynn Broome decided to direct their F-15s in an attempt to intercept the two MiG-25s. However, a high altitude crosswind forced them over Baghdad, which was the most heavily defended airspace in Iraq. The two were subsequently locked-on by Iraqi gunners. Bigum would later admit he didn't notice the drift because he and his wing-man were determined to score a MiG kill.[4] Despite this, they still managed to achieve radar lock up on both as-Sammarai and Awad, and each fired a missile at them. Both missed. Bigum fired a second missile at Awad, but Awad landed his aircraft before the missile arrived. Bigum fired again at as-Sammarai as he was on his final landing approach, but Bigum lost the radar lock as as-Sammarai landed and the missile impacted the ground about 10 ft (3 m) from as-Sammarai's left wingtip. Bigum and Broome egressed the area before they could be shot down bysurface-to-air missiles, which were still targeting them.[3][5] AF.Mil shows LtC Randy Bigum as commander 53rd Tactical Fighter Squadron Bitburg Germany during this time frame.[6] deployed to Al Kharj[7]
The Iraqi Air Force first credited as-Sammarai with a possible victory which was later upgraded to confirmed after aBedouin smuggler discovered wreckage of an F-15 just inside Saudi Arabia, very close to where Iraqi radars had lost track of a falling F-15 on January 30.[3] Later Iraqi government documents claim two F-15s recorded as being shot down in this engagement.[1] However, USAF claim that there is no record of an F-15 being shot down on January 30 in the area west of Baghdad.[8][better source needed]
Operation Samurra was the last offensive operation of the Iraqi Air Force during the Gulf War. By mid-February all IQAF activity had effectively ceased as the Coalition completed their dominance over the skies, and not a single offensive sortie was even attempted during the ground phase of the war.[3] Most of the MiG-25's in Iraq's arsenal survived the war, and went on to serve until the2003 invasion of Iraq when they were buried, by which time they remained in various states of airworthiness.
Dietz and Hehemann would go on to be the highest scoring fighter pilots of theGulf War, with three air-to-air kills apiece by the war's end. Bigum and Broome finished the war with no kills.[citation needed]
randy bigum gulf war.