Samuel Eliot Morison
Morison in 1953
Born	(1887-07-09)July 9, 1887 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	May 15, 1976(1976-05-15) (aged 88) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Allegiance	United States
Branch	United States Navy
Service years	1942–1951
Rank	Rear admiral (reserve)
Conflicts	World War II
Alma mater	Harvard University Sciences Po
Relations	George B. Morison (uncle)[1]

Samuel Eliot Morison (July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American historian noted for his works ofmaritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular. He received his Ph.D. fromHarvard University in 1912, and taught history at the university for 40 years. He wonPulitzer Prizes forAdmiral of the Ocean Sea (1942), a biography ofChristopher Columbus, andJohn Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (1959). In 1942, he was commissioned to write ahistory of United States naval operations in World War II, which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962. Morison wrote the popularOxford History of the American People (1965), and co-authored the classic textbookThe Growth of the American Republic (1930) withHenry Steele Commager.

Over the course of his career, Morison received eleven honorary doctoral degrees, and garnered numerous literary prizes, military honors, and national awards from both foreign countries and the United States, including twoPulitzer Prizes, twoBancroft Prizes, theBalzan Prize, theLegion of Merit, and thePresidential Medal of Freedom.^[2]

Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9, 1887, inBoston, Massachusetts, to John Holmes Morison (1856–1911) and Emily Marshall (Eliot) Morison (1857–1925). He was named for his maternal grandfatherSamuel Eliot—a historian, educator, and public-minded citizen of Boston andHartford, Connecticut. TheEliot family, which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals, descended from Andrew Eliot, who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village ofEast Coker. The most famous of this Andrew Eliot's direct descendants was poetT.S. Eliot, who titled the second of hisFour Quartets "East Coker".

Morison attendedNoble and Greenough School (1897–1901) andSt. Paul's (1901–1903) prior to enteringHarvard University, where he was a member of thePhoenix S K Club. At the age of fourteen, he learned to sail, and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings.^[3] He earned both aBachelor of Arts andMaster's degree from Harvard in 1908. After studying at theÉcole Libre des Sciences Politiques (1908–1909), Morison returned to Harvard.^[2]

Morison originally intended to major in mathematics untilAlbert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar.^[4] His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first bookThe Life and Letters ofHarrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765–1848 (1913), which sold 700 copies. After earning his Ph.D. at Harvard, Morison became an instructor in history at theUniversity of California, Berkeley in 1912. In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor. During World War I he served as a private in the US Army. He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of theParis Peace Conference until June 17, 1919.^[2]

In 1922–1925 Morison taught atOxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History.^[5] In 1925 he returned to Harvard, where he was appointed a full professor. One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history ofNew England. As early as 1921 he publishedThe Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860. In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England, includingBuilders of the Bay Colony: A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors (1930),The Founding of Harvard College (1935),Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century (1936),Three Centuries of Harvard: 1636–1936 (1936), andThe Puritan Pronaos (1936). In later years, he returned to the subject of New England history, writingThe Ropemakers of Plymouth (1950) andThe Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth (1956) and editing the definitive work,Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647 (1952).^[2]

Returning to Harvard in 1925, it is noteworthy that Morison was the last professor to arrive there on horseback.^[6] He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the "Harvard Voices" collection.^[7]

In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of theMassachusettsSociety of the Cincinnati.

In 1940, Morison publishedPortuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century, a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer,Christopher Columbus. In 1941, Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard. ForAdmiral of the Ocean Sea (1942), Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored. The Harvard Columbus Expedition, led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W. McElroy, Herbert F. Hossmer, Jr., Richard S. Colley, Dr. Clifton W. Anderson, Kenneth R. Spear and Richard Spear, left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketchCapitana for theAzores and Lisbon, Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 footketchMary Otis to retrace Columbus' route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reachingTrinidad by way ofCádiz,Madeira, and theCanary Islands.^[8] After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939.^[8] The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit linerVeragua.^[8] The book was awarded thePulitzer Prize in 1943.

In 1942, Morison met with his friend PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt and offered to write a history ofUnited States Navy operations during the war from an insider's perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them. The President and Secretary of the NavyFrank Knox agreed to the proposal. On May 5, 1942, Morison was commissioned alieutenant commander in theUS Naval Reserve, and was called at once to active duty.^[2] Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures:^[9]

He gained berths on patrol boats, destroyers, and heavy cruisers; participated in planning sessions for invasions; witnessed sea battles; narrowly escaped death at the hands of akamikaze pilot; and conducted post-operational interviews with commanders in thePacific theater.

Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare theHistory of United States Naval Operations in World War II, published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962, documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals. British military historian SirJohn Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict. Issued asThe Rising Sun in the Pacific in 1948, Volume 3 won theBancroft Prize in 1949.^[2]

Morison was promoted to the rank ofcaptain on December 15, 1945. On August 1, 1951, he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on the basis of combat awards.^[2]

InHistory as a Literary Art: An Appeal to Young Historians (1946), Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research:^[10]

American historians, in their eagerness to present facts and their laudable concern to tell the truth, have neglected the literary aspects of their craft. They have forgotten that there is an art of writing history.

In 1955, Morison retired from Harvard University.^[2] He devoted the rest of his life to writing. In quick succession, Morison wroteChristopher Columbus, Mariner (1955),Freedom in Contemporary Society (1956),The Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth, 1620–1692 (1956),Nathaniel Holmes Morison (1957),William Hickling Prescott (1958),Strategy and Compromise (1958), andJohn Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (1959), which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize.

In the early 1960s, Morison's focus returned to his New England youth, writingThe Story of Mount Desert Island, Maine (1960),One Boy's Boston, 1887–1901 (1962),Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford (1962), andA History of the Constitution of Massachusetts (1963). In 1963,The Two-Ocean War was published, a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II.

In 1964, Morison received thePresidential Medal of Freedom from PresidentLyndon B. Johnson. In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States, Johnson noted:^[11]

Scholar and sailor, this amphibious historian has combined a life of action and literary craftsmanship to lead two generations of Americans on countless voyages of discovery.

Morison's later years were devoted to books on exploration, such asThe Caribbean as Columbus Saw It, written jointly with Mauricio Obregón (1964),Spring Tides (1965),The European Discovery of America (1971–1974), andSamuel de Champlain: Father of New France (1972). His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain, and tracing others by airplane.

Morison's first marriage to Elizabeth S. Greene produced four children—one of whom,Emily Morison Beck, became editor ofBartlett's Familiar Quotations.^[12] Elizabeth died on August 20, 1945. In 1949, Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton. Priscilla died on February 22, 1973.

Morison died of a stroke on May 15, 1976.^[13] His ashes are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery inNortheast Harbor, Maine.

During his life Morison had received twoPulitzer Prizes, twoBancroft Prizes, theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences'Emerson-Thoreau Medal (1961), and numerous honorary degrees, military awards, and honors from foreign nations.^[14]

On July 19, 1979, thefrigateUSSSamuel Eliot Morison was launched, honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy. Morison's legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Command's Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship.^[15] Boston'sCommonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailor'soilskin.

Morison's last known public appearance was on April 8, 1976, when he served as the ribbon cutter to open theUSS Constitution Museum. "The Museum's research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor."^[16] The museum gives the annualSamuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USSConstitution, and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison: artful scholarship, patriotic pride, and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime.

In 1976, theAmerican Heritage magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called theSamuel Eliot Morison Award, honoring an American author whose work shows "that good history is literature as well as high scholarship."^[17] It lasted two years.

Since 1982, theNaval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morison's name, theSamuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature, for significant works about the US Navy.

In 1985, theSociety for Military History established theSamuel Eliot Morison Prize, recognizing an author's body of contributions in the field of military history.

Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his bookThe Growth of the American Republic, which he co-wrote withHenry Steele Commager and later with Commager's studentWilliam E. Leuchtenburg.^[18] The book originated as Morison's two-volumeOxford History of the United States (Oxford University Press, 1927). First published in 1930, the first two editions of the textbook, according to these critics, echoed the thesis ofAmerican Negro Slavery (1918) byUlrich Bonnell Phillips. This view, sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography, was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century,^[19] despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings. Phillips's theories remained authoritative, considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed. In 1944, theNAACP began its criticism ofThe Growth of the American Republic.^[20]

In 1950, despite denying any racist intent (he noted his daughter's marriage to the son ofJoel Elias Spingarn, the second president of the NAACP), Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes.^[21] Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well and to some positive "civilizing" effects of the American system of slavery. Morison also refused to remove references tostereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the 19th and the early 20th centuries, an era during which even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics.^[22] In the 1962 edition of the textbook, Morison removed additional content that his critics had found to be offensive.^[18]

In his semi-official account of theBattle of Savo Island, a disastrous defeat for the US Navy during World War II, Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces. Morison appears to have based that story on inaccurate information that has since been refuted. On October 21, 2014, the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of theRAAF Hudson crew, which had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force. The letter states that "RAdm. Morison's criticism was unwarranted."^[23]

Award ribbons

Other honors

• Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences (1915)^[24]
• Member of theAmerican Philosophical Society (1937)^[25]
• Honorary Member of the MassachusettsSociety of the Cincinnati (1938)
• Vuelo Panamericano Medal (Republic of Cuba) (1943)

Honorary degrees

• Trinity College, Hartford (1935)
• Amherst College (1936)
• Harvard University (1936)
• Union College (1939)
• Columbia University (1942)
• Yale University (1949)
• Williams College (1950)
• University of Oxford (1951)
• Bucknell University (1960)
• Boston College (1961)
• College of the Holy Cross (1962)

Literary prizes

• Loubat Prize (1938) forThe Founding of Harvard College (1935) andHarvard College in the Seventeenth Century (1936)
• Pulitzer Prize (1943) forAdmiral of the Ocean Sea (1942)
• Bancroft Prize (1949) forThe Rising Sun in the Pacific (1948)
• Pulitzer Prize (1960) forJohn Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (1959)
• American Academy of Arts and SciencesEmerson-Thoreau Medal (1961)
• American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal (1962)
• Balzan Prize (1962) forHistory of United States Naval Operations in World War II (1963)^[14]
• Bancroft Prize (1972) forThe European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages (1971)

Memorial
Astatue of Morison sits on theCommonwealth Avenue Mall in Boston. On the base is engraved his advice to young writers: "Dream dreams and write them, aye, but live them first".^[26]

Books by Morison (alphabetical):

• Admiral of the Ocean Sea. 2 vols. Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1942.^[27]
• American Contributions to the Strategy of World War II. London:Oxford University Press, 1958.
• The Ancient Classics in a Modern Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1939.
• Builders of the Bay Colony. Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1930.
• By Land and By Sea. New York:Knopf, 1953.
• The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1964. (with Mauricio Obregon)
• Christopher Columbus, Mariner. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1955.^[28]
• The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Homes Morison, Harvard 1839. Boston: Privately printed, 1926.
• The Conservative American Revolution. Washington, DC: Society of the Cincinnati, 1976.
• Doctor Morison's Farewell to the Colonial Society of Massachusetts. Boston:Merrymount Press, 1939.
• The European Discovery of America. 2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971–1974.
• The Events of the Year MDCCCCXXXV. Boston: Merrymount Press, 1936.
• The Founding of Harvard College. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1935.
• Francis Parkman. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1973.
• Freedom in Contemporary Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956.
• The Growth of the American Republic 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930.^[29]
• Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969.
• Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936.
• Harvard Guide to American History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963. (with Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Frederick Merk, Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr., and Paul Herman Buck)
• Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930. Boston: Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary, Inc., 1928, 1930.
• Historical Markers Erected by Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission. Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1930.
• History As A Literary Art. Boston: Old South Association, 1946.^[30]
• A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts. Boston: Special Commission on Revision of the Constitution, 1963.
• A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1917.
• History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. 15 vols. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1947–1962.
• An Hour of American History: From Columbus to Coolidge. Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1929.
• Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford. New Bedford: Old Dartmouth Historical Society, 1962.
• John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1959.^[31]
• The Journals and other Documents Relating to the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Edited and Translated by Samuel Eliot Morison with illustrations byLima de Freitas. New York: First Editions Club; Heritage Press, 1963. Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1990.
• Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913.^[32]
• Life in Washington a Century and a Half Ago. Washington, DC: Cosmos Club, 1968.
• The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
• Nathaniel Homes Morison. Baltimore: Peabody Institute, 1957.
• A New and Fresh English Translation of the Letter of Columbus Announcing the Discovery of America. Madrid: Graficas Yagues, 1959.
• Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647. Editor. New York: Knopf, 1952.
• Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1796–1858. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967.
• One Boy's Boston, 1887–1901. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962.
• The Oxford History of the American People. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
• Oxford History of the United States. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927.
• The Pilgrim Fathers: Their Significance in History. Boston: Merrymount Press, 1937.
• Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940.
• A Prologue to American History: An Inaugural Lecture. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.
• The Proprietors of Peterborough, New Hampshire. Peterborough: Historical Society, 1930.
• The Puritan Pronaos. New York: New York University Press, 1936.
• Ropemakers of Plymouth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.
• Sailor Historian: The Best of Samuel Eliot Morison. Edited by Emily Morison Beck. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.
• Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972.
• The Scholar in American: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
• The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus. New York: Oxford University Press, 1939.
• Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, 1764–1788, and the Formation of the Federal Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
• Spring Tides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
• The Story of Mount Desert Island, Maine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960.
• The Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth, 1620–1692. New York: Knopf, 1956.
• Strategy and Compromise. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1958.
• These Forty Years. Boston: Privately printed, 1948. (Address to the 40th Reunion, Harvard Class of 1908)
• Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936.
• The Two-Ocean War. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963.
• Vistas of History. New York: Knopf, 1964.
• William Hickling Prescott. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1958.
• The Young Man Washington. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932.^[33]

• Cunliffe, Marcus, and Robin W. Winks, eds.Pastmasters: some essays on American historians (Harper & Row, 1975).
• Keegan, John.The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare. New York: Viking, 1989.
• Kim, Hyun-Seung. "Historian Samuel Eliot Morison and Writing History of United States Naval Operations in World War II."Strategy21 (2017): 53-82.

• Morison, Samuel Eliot. "The Gilberts & Marshalls" inLife Magazine, May 22, 1944.
• Pfitzer, Gregory M.Samuel Eliot Morison's Historical World: In Quest of a New Parkman. Boston: Northeastern, 1991.
• Taylor, P.A.M. "Samuel Eliot Morison, Historian"Journal of American Studies (1977) 11#1 13–26.
• Washburn, Wilcomb E. "Samuel Eliot Morison, Historian"The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, Vol. XXXVI, July 1979.in JSTOR
• Faith of a Historian Presidential address read at the annual dinner of the American Historical Association in Chicago on December 29, 1950. American Historical Review 56:2 (January 1951): 261–275.

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