Samuel C. Phillips | |
|---|---|
 Phillipsc. 1970s | |
| Nickname | Sam |
| Born | (1921-02-19)19 February 1921[1] Springerville, Arizona, U.S. |
| Died | 31 January 1990(1990-01-31) (aged 68) Palos Verdes, California, U.S. |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch | |
| Years of service |
|
| Rank |  General |
| Service number | O-25413 (Army)[2] 8981A (Air Force)[3] |
| Commands | |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Awards | |
| Alma mater | University of Wyoming (BS) University of Michigan (MS) |
Samuel Cochran Phillips (19 February 1921 – 31 January 1990) was aUnited States Air Forcegeneral who served as Director ofNASA'sApollo program from 1964 to 1969, as commander of theSpace and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO) from 1969 to 1972, as the seventhDirector of theNational Security Agency from 1972 to 1973, and as commander of theAir Force Systems Command from 1973 to 1975.
A 1942 graduate of theUniversity of Wyoming, Phillips was commissioned in the Army through theReserve Officers Training Corps. He transferred to theArmy Air Corps, qualified as a fighter pilot, and flew two tours of duty inWorld War II with theEighth Air Force's364th Fighter Group. After the war he was an electronics officer duringOperation Greenhousenuclear weapon tests atEniwetok Atoll, and served in project officer assignments with theBoeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber,AIM-4 Falconair-to-air missile, andBomarcsurface-to-air missile programs. He helped negotiate the agreement with the United Kingdom for thedeployment and use of the AmericanThor nuclear-armedintermediate-range ballistic missiles. In 1958, he was assigned to theAir Force Ballistic Missile Division of theAir Research and Development Command, as the Director of theMinutemanIntercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Program. As such, he oversaw the first deployments of Minuteman missiles in 1962.
In 1964, Phillips was seconded to NASA as the director of the Apollo program. He brought in Air Force personnel to fill project management positions, and instituted common procedures, documentation and terminology, to prevent potentially catastrophic failures and oversights. AnApollo Configuration Management Manual was issued in 1964, which was largely copied from the Air Force Systems Command's manual. Phillips proposed a system of design reviews and change control that would give managers both the authority and the information necessary to manage the project. Daily reports were sent to headquarters, where they were kept by a central control room he modeled on the one that he had used on the Minuteman project. The Apollo program's mission was accomplished in July 1969 with theApollo 11 Moon landing, and Phillips returned to the Air Force.
Phillips was born on 19 February 1921 inSpringerville, Arizona,[4] where his father was an electrician, and his mother was a schoolteacher. He was the oldest of six children; he had three brothers and two sisters. He attended public schools inDenver, Colorado,[5] andCheyenne, Wyoming, where he graduated fromCheyenne High School in 1938.[4] He was interested in electricity and electrical equipment, and acquired anamateur radio license.[5] There was aCivil Aeronautics Authority radio station at the airport, which was not far from Cheyenne High School, and Phillips learned about radio and aviation there. He secured a scholarship to theUniversity of Wyoming,[5] where he earned aBachelor of Science degree inelectrical engineering in 1942.[4] He was a member ofKappa Sigma fraternity.[6] During his summer break in 1941, he earned hisprivate pilot license.[7]
On graduation from the University of Wyoming, where theReserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) was compulsory,[5] Phillips was commissioned as asecond lieutenant in theinfantry.[4] He sat a competitive examination for a regular commission, and was accepted. By the time he graduated, the United States had enteredWorld War II. He then entered active military service, and in June 1942 went toFort Benning, Georgia, where he received infantry officer training.[5] He transferred to theArmy Air Corps, attended flying school and earned hispilot wings.[4] He married Betty Anne Brown, who was also from Cheyenne, at Fort Benning in August 1942.[5][6] They had three daughters: Dana, Janie, and Kathleen.[8]
Phillips was given basic flight training inPT-17 biplanes by civilian instructors atRankin Field inTulare, California, and then at Lemoore Army Airfield inLemoore, California inPT-15 biplanes. This was followed by advanced training atWilliams Army Airfield in Arizona in the P-322, a training version of theLockheed P-38 Lightning. He was then assigned to the364th Fighter Group,[5] which was successively based atGlendale Airport,Van Nuys Airport,Ontario Army Airfield andSanta Maria Army Air Field in California, before moving to the UK, where it was based atRAF Honington as part of theEighth Air Force. The 364th Fighter Group converted to theNorth American P-51 Mustang in the summer of 1944. The group's main role was escortingBoeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers on long-range bombing missions.[9] Phillips completed two combat tours of duty in theEuropean Theater of Operations. He was awarded theDistinguished Flying Cross with anoak leaf cluster,Air Medal with seven oak leaf clusters, and the FrenchCroix de Guerre.[4]
After the war, Phillips was assigned to the European Theater headquarters inFrankfurt,West Germany,[4] where he served on the G-1 staff, which was responsible for personnel, and was headed byMajor General James M. Brevans.[10] In July 1947, he was transferred toLangley Air Force Base,Virginia. Phillips's research and development assignments included six years with the Engineering Division atWright-Patterson Air Force Base,Ohio; duty as an electronics officer with thenuclear weapons experiments atEniwetok Atoll duringOperation Greenhouse; and in project officer assignments with theBoeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber, theAIM-4 Falconair-to-air missile, and theBomarcsurface-to-air missile programs. He earned aMaster of Science degree in electrical engineering from theUniversity of Michigan in 1950.[4]
Phillips returned to England in 1956, where he served with the7th Air Division of theStrategic Air Command. He participated in the negotiation of the agreement with the United Kingdom for thedeployment and use of the AmericanThor nuclear-armedintermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), which earned him theLegion of Merit.[4] He returned to the United States in 1958, and was assigned to theAir Force Ballistic Missile Division of the Air Research and Development Command, inLos Angeles, California, as the Director of theMinutemanIntercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) program.[4] He was promoted tobrigadier general in April 1961.[6] This made him the youngest general officer in the US armed forces at the time.[11]
In July 1960, Phillips froze the design of Minuteman, precluding further design changes, even though he knew that its range was 1,000 miles (1,600 km) short of its specified requirement. It was estimated that it would take between six months and a year of further development to achieve this. Given a choice between meeting the specification and meeting the schedule, he chose the latter. In 1962, the first Minuteman missiles were based atMalmstrom Air Force Base inMontana, from whence they could still reach their targets even with the reduced range. The increased range was achieved in time for the second Minutemanwing to be equipped with the longer-range version. He also decided, on his own authority, to install field maintenance points on the missile so maintenance could be performed in the field. This was contrary to the original design, but based on his experience with the B-52, Phillips believed that it was necessary.[12]
In 1963,George E. Mueller,NASA's incoming Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, was confronted by projects with large cost overruns and scheduling slippages that threatened theApollo program's goal of putting a man on the Moon by the end of the decade.Congress accepted that this would be very expensive, and was willing to pay the price to win theSpace race, but took a dim view of repeated requests for additional funding simply because of NASA's poor forecasting. Mueller thought this was due to poor management skills; NASA had expanded rapidly, and its engineers had not worked on projects as large as Apollo.[13] Mueller had worked forRamo-Wooldridge on the Minuteman project, and he was aware of how Phillips had managed its schedule and costs,[14][13] although they had not worked together.[12] Mueller asked the head of theAir Force Systems Command (AFSC),GeneralBernard Schriever, if Phillips could be seconded to NASA as the program controller in the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF).[15] Although Schriever was reluctant to part with one of his top ICBM project managers, he considered that the Air Force'sDyna-Soar andManned Orbiting Laboratory programs could benefit from NASA experience. He agreed to Phillips's secondment to NASA, but only on the condition that Phillips was hired as the director of the Apollo program rather than as a mere underling. In December 1963, this was accomplished, and Phillips was assigned to NASA.[16]
The following month, Phillips wrote to Schriever requesting that Air Force personnel be provided to fill program control positions in the OMSF. The AFSC sent two officers. Phillips then asked for 55 more. Such a large request prompted negotiations between NASA and the Air Force. TheUnited States Secretary of the Air Force,Eugene M. Zuckert, agreed to consider the request, subject to NASA providing position statements so that he could ensure that the work would benefit their careers. The Air Force agreed that it would provide officers for tours of duty lasting at least three years. Phillips ultimately requested and received the assignment of 128 more officers, most of whom were based at theManned Spacecraft Center (MSC) inHouston, Texas. The officers assigned included Brigadier GeneralDavid M. Jones, who became his deputy; ColonelEdmund F. O'Connor, as director of MSFC Industrial Operations; Colonel Samuel Yarchin, who became the deputy director of theSaturn V Project Office; and Colonel Carroll H. Bolender, who became the Apollo mission director.[17] Phillips was promoted to the rank ofmajor general in February 1964.[6]
Phillips aggressively took on the job with constant daily meetings, phone contact, and visits to contractor sites which kept him on the road 75 per cent of the time. He described the job toNew York Times reporterJohn Noble Wilford this way:
I'm at the level which knows all the things you have to know to make a major decision. Below the program director, there isn't anyone who has the whole picture. Above the program director, the men have so many other responsibilities.[18]
Through the institution of common procedures, documentation and terminology, Phillips hoped to prevent potentially catastrophic failures and oversights, and to head off criticism from the media, Congress and theGovernment Accountability Office. An important step was the issuance of theApollo Configuration Management Manual in 1964, which was largely copied from the AFSC's manual. Phillips proposed a system of design reviews and change control that would give managers both the authority and the information necessary to manage the project. Daily reports were sent to headquarters, where they were kept by a central control room he modeled on the one that he had used on the Minuteman project.[19]
In November 1965, Phillips personally took atiger team toNorth American Aviation (NAA) inDowney, California, the prime contractor for theApollo Command/Service Module (CSM) and the Saturn V'sS-II second stage, to investigate problems of delays, quality shortfalls and cost overruns.[20] On 19 December, he wrote a memo to NAA presidentLee Atwood with a copy of a report of his findings and some recommended fixes, which he also sent to Mueller. Mueller also sent Atwood a follow-on letter strongly expressing his disappointment with the CSM and S-II problems, requiring a response by the end of January 1966 and a follow-on visit of Phillips's team in March. Phillips privately wrote to Mueller recommending that the president of NAA's Space and Information Systems Division,Harrison Storms, be replaced. Atwood broughtRobert Greer, a retired Air Force major general, in to manage the S-II project at NAA.[21][22]
Phillips was also concerned about cost and schedule overruns atGrumman, which was building theApollo Lunar Module (LM), and he sent a management review team headed by Wesley L. Hjornevik to Grumman headquarters inBethpage, New York. The review team found fault with Grumman's management and procedures. Grumman adopted a system of "work packages", under which the project was broken down into discrete tasks, each with its own personnel, budget and manager, but this did not resolve all of its problems.[23][24] In February 1967,Thomas J. Kelly was replaced as project manager by Grumman vice presidentGeorge F. Titterton, who was sent back from the executive suites to the factory building to manage the project.[25][24]
When theApollo 1 fire killed three astronauts in a ground test on 27 January 1967, just before what was to have been the first manned Apollo mission, a Congressional investigation uncovered the existence of what came to be known as "thePhillips Report".NASA AdministratorJames E. Webb was called before Congress and when questioned by SenatorWalter Mondale, he testified that he was unaware of the existence of the report. He only found out about it from Phillips and Mueller after the hearing. However, Congress found no fault with Phillips's management system. Webb now insisted that NAA remove Storms,[26] and he was replaced by William D. Bergen.[27]
The fire led Phillips to institute stricter measures to ensure quality and safety. Safety offices were established at every NASA field center in September 1967, and the following month the MSC created the Spacecraft Incident Investigation and Reporting Panel. The design of the first CSM and LM was frozen in October 1967, except for essential changes, which had to be approved by the MSC senior management board.Software changes were also restricted in February 1968. By this time, Phillips felt that restrictions had gone too far, and in October managers were permitted to approve minor changes, although any affecting schedules still had to be approved by the senior management board.[28]
With the Apollo project moving again, but seriously behind schedule, Phillips prevailed upon Webb to authorize sendingApollo 8 on a mission to orbit the Moon.[29] At a small dinner party before the launch ofApollo 10 in May 1969,Wernher von Braun, the director of theMarshall Space Flight Center inHuntsville, Alabama, praised Phillips as the one most responsible for pulling the many pieces of the Apollo program together and making them work on time.[18][8]
During theApollo 11 mission in July 1969 which achieved the program's manned landing goal, Phillips announced his intention to leave NASA and return to Air Force duty.[8] During his NASA service, he was promoted tolieutenant general.[18]
In September 1969, Phillips assumed command of theSpace and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO), of the Air Force Systems Command in Los Angeles.[4] In August 1972, he was appointed the seventhDirector of the National Security Agency (DIRNSA) and the Chief of theCentral Security Service. After two years in those positions, he was assigned as the commander of the Air Force Systems Command atAndrews Air Force Base,Maryland, in August 1973. He retired from the Air Force in 1975 as a general.[4]
In the wake of the 1986Space ShuttleChallenger disaster, NASA AdministratorJames C. Fletcher asked Phillips to lead a team to report on NASA's management. Phillips found that it had decayed since the days of Project Apollo, with the centers asserting their independence.[30] He recommended strengthening NASA headquarters' control, and placing both theSpace Shuttle andSpace StationFreedom under a single manager.[31]
Phillips died ofcancer inPalos Verdes, California, on 31 January 1990.[8] He was buried in theUnited States Air Force Academy Cemetery inColorado Springs, Colorado, with military honors.[32] His papers are in theLibrary of Congress.[33]
Phillips was aFellow of theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and a member of theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He was selected for a fellowship by that organization in October 1969 for "notable and valuable contributions to sciences and technology." In addition, Phillips was a fellow of theAmerican Astronautical Society; an honorary member of the national business fraternity,Alpha Kappa Psi; a member of the Board of Governors of the "National Space Club"; a member of the board of directors of theUnited Services Automobile Association, and the president of the Military Benefit Association.[4]
Phillips was awarded theAir Force Distinguished Service Medal in September 1969 for his service with NASA, and again in July 1972 for his service as the Commander of SAMSO.[2] He also was awarded twoNASA Distinguished Service Medals by that agency, in 1968 and 1969, for his leadership of the Apollo program,[4] and he was given anhonoraryLL.D. degree from the University of Wyoming in June 1963.[6]
On 26 September 1971, Phillips was awarded theSmithsonian Institution'sLangley Gold Medal in aviation andspace exploration for his contributions to theApollo Program from 1964 to 1969. He was the 14th recipient of the Langley Medal since the award was first presented to theWright Brothers in 1909. In April 1971, he was elected a member of theNational Academy of Engineering for his leadership and his direction of the Minuteman missile Program and of the Apollo Program. Phillips received the General Thomas D. White U.S. Air Force Space Trophy on 11 September 1972 and the Flying Tiger Pilot Trophy (awarded by theAmerican Volunteer Group) on 7 July 1973.[4]
| Insignia | Rank | Date |
|---|---|---|
| General | 1 August 1973 |
 | Lieutenant general | 29 May 1968 |
 | Major general | 1 May 1964 |
 | Brigadier general | 1 September 1961 |
 | Colonel | 15 June 1954 |
 | Lieutenant colonel | 20 February 1951 |
 | Major | 9 March 1945 |
 | Captain | 26 June 1944 |
 | First lieutenant | 17 January 1944 |
 | Second lieutenant | 25 March 1942 |
Source:[1]
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromUSAF biography.United States Air Force.
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by None | Apollo Program Director 1964–1969 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Director of the National Security Agency 1972–1973 | Succeeded by |
 | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
