Samtskhesaatabago სამცხე-საათაბაგო | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1266–1625 | |||||||||
 Flag according toVakhushti  Coat of arms | |||||||||
 boundaries of the Samtskhe-Saatabago in the 2nd half of the 13th and the 1st quarter of the 14th centuries. | |||||||||
| Capital | Akhaltsikhe 41°38′20″N42°59′10″E / 41.63889°N 42.98611°E /41.63889; 42.98611 | ||||||||
| Common languages | Georgian | ||||||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | ||||||||
| Government | Principality | ||||||||
| Prince of Meskheti | |||||||||
• 1260–1285 | Sargis I(first) | ||||||||
• 1607–1625 | Manuchar III(last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Late Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 1266 | ||||||||
• Vassal ofMongol Empire | 1266–1334 | ||||||||
• Reunited withKingdom of Georgia | 1334–1535 | ||||||||
| 1555 | |||||||||
• Disestablished | 1625 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Armenia Georgia Turkey | ||||||||
TheSamtskhe-Saatabago orSamtskhe Atabegate (Georgian:სამცხე-საათაბაგო), also called thePrincipality of Samtskhe (სამცხის სამთავრო), was a Georgian feudalprincipality inZemo Kartli, ruled by anatabeg (tutor) ofGeorgia for nearly three and a half centuries, between 1268 and 1625. Its territory consisted of the modern-daySamtskhe-Javakheti region and the historical region ofTao-Klarjeti.
By the early 13th century, members of theHouse of Jaqeli were one among many powerfulmarcher lords, and certainly not the most significant. The titleatabeg, by which the Jaqelis would later be known, was as yet reserved for theMkhargrdzelis, the Armenian family that controlledAni. The rise of the Jaqeli line was intimately bound up with theMongol invasion of Georgia. In this initial phase of conquest, most of the Georgian and Armenian nobles, who held military posts along the frontier regions submitted without any serious opposition or confined their resistance to their castles while others preferred to flee to safer areas. QueenRusudan had to evacuateTbilisi forKutaisi, leavingeastern Georgia in the hands ofatabeg Avag Mkhargrdzeli and Egarslan Bakurtsikheli, who made peace with the Mongols and agreed to pay them tribute. The only Georgian great noble to have resisted wasIvane I Jaqeli, prince ofSamtskhe. His extensive possessions were fearfully devastated, and Ivane had to finally, with the consent of Queen Rusudan, submit to the invaders in 1238.
Taking advantage of Georgia's weakness, Turkmen incursions started to south-western Georgia. The population ofTao,Klarjeti andKola called onQvarqvare, lord of Samtskhe, to assist them against the Turkmens. Qvarqvare subsequently sent his grandson Sargis to seizeOltisi. Although an Arabic chroniclerBaybars al-Mansuri states that the Georgians took advantage of theMongol invasion of Anatolia (1243) to seize the castles ofBabrawan, Washlawan, andBayburt. By the mid-13th century, the Jaqelis realm thus incorporated most of the mountainous areas of north eastern Anatolia south of theBlack Sea coast up to the edge of the plain ofErzurum. The Jaqelis' lands became a stronghold of opposition to Mongol rule.
Sargis I Jaqeli andDavid VII of Georgia "Ulu" rebelled against their Mongol overlords, a huge army of Mongols led byArghun Noyan attacked the southern Georgian province of Samtskhe, defeated the king and his spasalar (general) Sargis Jaqeli, but could not capture the rebels’ main strongholds and left the country in June 1261. Nevertheless, the forces were unequal and David Ulu had to take refuge at his cousin,David VI Narin’s court atKutaisi. In 1262, he had to make peace with the Mongols and returned toTbilisi, effectively splitting the country into two parts with both rulers titled as kings of Georgia.
By theIlkhan request, David Ulu's army was dispatched to defend the fortifications ofSiba against theGolden Horde in 1263. In 1265, the Georgian forces serving as a vanguard of the Ilkhanid army, defeatedBerke, Khan of the Golden Horde, and expelled his troops fromShirvan. Sargis Jaqeli distinguished himself in battle against the Horde, even saving Hulagu's life, for which Hulagu offered him rich rewards, including the city ofErzurum. David Ulu subsequently persuaded Hulegu to revoke that award on the basis that it would make Sargis too powerful. As a result of a dispute with the royal court, the province of Samtskhe seceded and submitted directly to the Ilkhan rule in 1266. Thus, Georgia further disintegrated to form three separate political entities. Samtskhe managed to remain a culturally developed part of Georgia as well as maintaining territorial integrity, sometimes even expanding along its borders.
Despite being independent, Samtskhe still maintained some kind of relations with Georgia and Beka himself was given a title ofMandaturukhutsesi (Mandator) by Georgian king.[1] At the time of Beka's rule, the Turks became more active the Southwest borders, from theSultanate of Rum. After a series of invasions, he managed tofend off the attacks. Beka was a supporter of maintaining Georgian political influence over theEmpire of Trebizond. For this cause, he married off his daughterJiajak to theTrapezuntine EmperorAlexios II, who granted himLazia. Another daughter of Beka, - Natela, became the consort ofDemetrius II of Georgia and bore him a son andthe successor to the throne. After the execution of Demetrius, future kingGeorge V was raised by his grandfather at his court. In 1334George V of Georgia reasserted royal authority over the virtually independent principality of Samtskhe, ruled by his cousinQvarqvare I Jaqeli. George granted the Jaqelis their title ofatabeg, not only appropriate for their role in raising him but also a title of great prestige.
Between 1386 and 1403 Timur launched aseries of campaigns against Georgia. The official history of Timur's reign,Zafarnama, represents this campaign as ajihad. Samtskhe was in the frontline of these attacks. Timur set out fromKars and assailedAkhaltsikhe. From there, hemarched against Tbilisi which the Georgian kingBagrat V had fortified. The city fell on November 21, 1386, and King Bagrat V was captured and converted toIslam at sword point. Bagrat was given some 12,000 troops to reestablish himself in Georgia whose government was run by Bagrat's son and co-rulerGeorge VII during his father's absence at Timur's court. The old king, however, entered in secret negotiations with George who ambushed Bagrat's Islamic escort, and freed his father.[2]
In the spring of 1387, Timur returned in Georgia to take revenge, however, KhanTokhtamysh’s reappearance in Iran forced Timur to temporarily withdraw. As soon as theGolden Horde was defeated, Timur returned to attack Georgia again. In 1394, he dispatched four generals to the province of Samtskhe, with orders to apply the Islamic law ofghaza (i.e. the systematic raiding of non-Muslim lands). Timur launched a further attack on possessions ofIvane II Jaqeli in 1399. The attack on Samtskhe was followed by an expedition intoTao that reached as far as Panaskert, where a great battle between Timur and the Georgians took place.
In late 1401, Timur invaded Georgia once again. George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother with the contributions. Timur was preparing for a major confrontation with theOttoman dynasty and apparently wished to freeze the currently prevailing situation in Georgia. Thus, he made peace with George on condition that the king of Georgia supplied him with troops and granted the Muslims special privileges.[3] Timur nonetheless undertook some preventive measures and attacked the Georgian garrison ofTortumi, demolishing the citadel and looting the surrounding area.[2] Once the Ottomans weredefeated, Timur, back toErzurum in 1402, decided to punish the king of Georgia for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. Ivane Jaqeli, however, arrived with gifts, which offered Timur a good cause for keeping on reasonable terms with the rulers of Samtskhe.
After the devastating invasions by Timur and subsequent enfeeblement of the Kingdom of Georgia, it soon faced a new threat. Timurid hegemony was not to last, for on Timur's death in 1405, theKara Koyunlu re-established their empire. They took advantage of the temporary weakness of Georgians and launched attacks against them, apparently in which,George VII was killed. In responseConstantine I engaged Turkomans at theBattle of Chalagan, in which he was defeated and executed.Alexander I who sought to strengthen and restore his declining Kingdom, faced constant invasions by the tribal Turkomans. They sackedAkhaltsikhe several times, the first underQara Yusuf in 1414, the second underJahan Shah in 1444, whose forces met those of Alexander's successor, KingVakhtang IV at Akhaltsikhe, but the fighting was inconclusive and Jahan Shah returned toTabriz. With the decline of the Kara Koyunlu after Jahan Shah's defeat at the hands ofUzun Hasan in 1467, theAq Qoyunlu became the major power in eastern Anatolia.
The politicalsplit of the Kingdom of Georgia was speeded up by theQvarqvare II Jaqeli, like hisfather he fought againstRoyal house of Georgia for the independence of Samstkhe. In 1462 Qvarqvare II Jaqeli called against the king of GeorgiaUzun Hasan, the leader of theAq Qoyunlu. In 1465 he defeated Georgian KingGeorge VIII at the battle nearParavani lake and separated from Georgia. He also participated in theGeorgian civil war, after which United Georgian monarchy fell. Qvarqvare's independent reign was marked by warfare with the powerful Muslim states that surrounded the principality. The Aq Qoyunlu launched major attacks in 1466, 1476–1477 and 1485 and from 1479 theOttoman Empire started to encroach on the territories. In 1479 he ravaged the land aroundErzurum, reducing the city to tributary status.[4] Unlike his fatherKaikhosro I held peace with the other Georgian kingdoms (Kartli,Kakheti andImereti). Kaikhosro with KingAlexander I of Kakheti andConstantine of Kartli agreed to assist firstSafavid shahIsmail to destroyAq Koyunlu rule inPersia.[5]
WhenQvarqvare II's sonKaikhosro I died two years after he ascended the throne, and was succeeded by his equally pious brotherMzetchabuk, like hisfather andgrandfather, Mzetchabuk demanded the separation of the Meskhetian church from theGeorgian Orthodox church. Atabeg Mzetchabuk Strived to strengthen Samtskhe. He nominally obeyedOttoman sultanSelim I and with his helpAdjara came fully under Meskhetian rule.[6] In 1515 old Mzetchabuk abdicated and became a monk, received a monastic name Jacob. After MzetchabukAtabeg's title would be given to his nephewQvarqvare, the son ofKaikhosro I, but Mzetchabuk's younger brotherManuchar rebelled against him. During his brief reign Manuchar sent many gifts to theOttoman sultanSelim I and claimed himself as an admirer of Ottomans. In 1518 the new revolt started. PrinceQvarqvare with the help ofSafavid troops attacked Samtskhe. Manuchar was overthrown and Qvarqvare became the new ruler of Meskheti. After this Manuchar asked his suzerainSultan Selim for help. Sultan gave him the huge army. He had tried to restore himself as Atabeg, but was defeated by Qvarqvare's forces at the battle nearErzurum.
DuringQvarqvare III's reignPersian influence on Samtskhe was growing day by day. Because of that Ottomans greatly damaged the country and especially its southwestern region. Meskhetian lords had recognized that under Qvarqvare's rule Samtskhe would finally turn to the Enemy's hands. They made an alliance with theGeorgian kings,Bagrat III of Imereti andLuarsab I of Kartli (c.1510–1565) to end upJaqelian rule and protect Samtskhe from dominant Muslim empires (Ottomans andSafavids).[7] In 1535 King Bagrat III with help of princeRostom Gurieli andOdishian allies invadedSamtskhe. He defeated and capturedQvarqvare III at theBattle of Murjakheti nearAkhalkalaki. Georgians had annexed Principality of Samtskhe. Qvarqvare died in prison, while Rostom was awarded his share of Samtskhe:Adjara andLazeti, long sought after by theGurieli dynasty. A few years later, Qvarqvare's survived youngest sonKaikhosro II requested Ottomans to expelImeretian andKartlian forces from Samtskhe. The Ottomans retaliated with a major invasion: Bagrat and Rostom werevictorious at Karagak in 1543, but decisively defeated, in 1545, atSokhoista. Samtskhe became vassal of theOttoman Empire.[8] Qvarqvare III's descendants ruled Samtskhe-Saatabago (until 1628) and thenChildir Eyalet until 1820s.
| Atabeg/Prince | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1.Sargis I | 1268–1285 | |
| 2.Beka I | 1285–1306 | |
| 3.Sargis II | 1306–1334 | |
| 4.Qvarqvare I | 1334–1361 | |
| 5.Beka II | 1361-1391 | (ruled withShalva during 1372–1389) |
| 6.Shalva | 1372–1389 | (co-ruler withBeka II) |
| 7.Aghbugha I | 1389–1395 | (ruled withBeka II andIvane II) |
| 8.Ivane II | 1391–1444 | (from 1391 to 1395 ruled withAghbugha I) |
| 9.Aghbugha II | 1444–1451 | |
| 10.Qvarqvare II | 1451–1498 | |
| 11.Kaikhosro I | 1498–1500 | |
| 12.Mzetchabuki | 1500–1515 | |
| 13.Manuchar I | 1515–1518 | |
| 14.Qvarqvare III | 1518–1535 | |
| 15.Kaikhosro II | 1545–1573 | |
| 16.Qvarqvare IV | 1573–1581 | |
| 17.Manuchar II | 1581–1607 | |
| 18.Manuchar III | 1607–1625 |
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