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Same-sex marriage has been legal inBrazil since 16 May 2013, following a decision by theNational Justice Council ordering notaries of everystate to license and perform same-sex marriages.[1][2][3][4] Before nationwide legalisation in May 2013, the states ofAlagoas,[5]Bahia,[5][6]Ceará,Espírito Santo,Mato Grosso,[7]Mato Grosso do Sul,Paraíba,Paraná,[8][9]Piauí,Rondônia,Santa Catarina,São Paulo,[10][11] andSergipe, as well as theFederal District and the city ofSanta Rita do Sapucaí,[12][13] had already legalized same-sex marriages.[14] InRio de Janeiro, same-sex couples could also marry but only if local judges approved their request.[15]
On 14 May 2013, the National Justice Council legalized same-sex marriage nationwide, ruling 14–1 that notaries are obliged to license and perform same-sex marriages and convert any existing civil unions into marriages if the couples so wish.[1][2][16][17][18][19] President of the Supreme Federal CourtJoaquim Barbosa stated that notaries could not continue to refuse to "license and perform a civil marriage or the conversion of a stable union into a marriage between two people of the same sex".[3] The ruling was published on 15 May and took effect on 16 May 2013.[20][21] Polling suggests that a majority ofBrazilians support the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.[22][23] Brazil was the second country inSouth America, afterArgentina, and thetwelfth in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.
Same-sex unions had already been legally recognized in Brazil in the form ofstable unions following a ruling by theSupreme Federal Court on 5 May 2011. These unions are granted most of the rights ofmarriage. The ruling was published on 12 May and took effect on 13 May 2011.[24][25]
The first case of legal recognition of a same-sex union in Brazil occurred in 2004 for a dual Brazilian-English couple. The couple's relationship was recognized in the form of acommon-law marriage—which at the time was only available to opposite-sex couples. The couple had lived together for fourteen years in the city ofCuritiba.[26]
In 2010, theMinistry of Foreign Affairs authorized Brazilian diplomats to request a diplomatic or service passport and stay visa for same-sex partners. The decision, which applies to both same-sex and opposite-sex partners, was communicated internally toembassies and consulates in over 200 countries. According to the Foreign Ministry, the measure requires employees to register their same-sex partners in order to secure their right to reside abroad. With the issuance ofdiplomatic passports, it is now easier for partners to obtainresidence permits.[27] Also in 2010, the state-ownedInfraero (Brazilian Company of Airport Infrastructure) began recognizing stable unions between same-sex couples for the purpose of granting benefits. To be eligible for these benefits, the union must be registered with apublic notary.[28]
Stable unions (Portuguese:união estável,Brazilian Portuguese:[uniˈɐ̃w̃ isˈtavew])[a] have been recognized in Brazil since 13 May 2011, after theSupreme Federal Court had ruled inADI 4277 and ADPF 132 on 5 May that same-sex couples must be allowed to legally register their relationships. The decision was approved 10–0; one judge abstained because he had previously spoken publicly in favor of same-sex unions when he wasattorney general. The ruling resulted in stable unions for same-sex couples having the same financial and legal rights enjoyed by those in opposite-sex relationships. Stable unions of same-sex couples are guaranteed similar rights asmarriages, includingadoption, welfare benefits,pension,inheritance tax,income tax,social security,health benefits,immigration,joint property ownership, hospital and prison visitation,in vitro fertilisation andsurrogacy.[29] The ruling was issued in response to twolawsuits: one filed by the Rio de Janeiro State Government in 2008 and another filed in 2009 by thePublic Prosecutor's Office. Same-sex couples can officially register their relationships as a stable union by providing evidence such as a sharedbank account, cohabitation at the sameaddress, or other indicators of a committed partnership.[30] On 17 June 2011, a judge inGoiânia annulled the stable union of Liorcino Mendes and Odilio Torres, and ordered all notaries in Goiânia to stop issuing stable union licenses.[31][32][33] The judge, who was also a church pastor of theAssembleias de Deus, argued that recognizing same-sex unions was "unconstitutional".[34] On 21 June, another judge annulled his decision.[35] Concerned, the couple registered another stable union inRio de Janeiro.[36]
On 7 June 2013, theBrazilian Air Force recognized the stable union of a sergeant and his partner after the sergeant presented a notarized deed documenting their relationship. The Air Force did not comment on the decision and could not confirm whether it was the first same-sex union officially recognized by the branch.[37] On 8 August 2013, Judge Elio Siqueira of theRegional Federal Court of the 5th region ruled onappeal that theBrazilian Army must recognize the stable union—performed in January 2012 inPernambuco—of a service member and his same-sex partner, and must also grant the partner a military spousal pension. This marked the first time a state-recognized same-sex union was officially acknowledged by the Army.[38][39]
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Marriage in Brazil is governed at the federal level rather than by state law, and involves the issuing of amarriage license by a notary. In May 2011, the Supreme Federal Court ruled that the present law allowed for same-sex couples to formalize their relationships in the form of stable unions. On 25 October, theSuperior Court of Justice ruled that two women could legally marry. Differently from theU.S. Supreme Court'sstare decisis, the Superior Court decision only applied to the plaintiff couple, but would serve as legal precedent in similar cases. The court overturned two lower court rulings against the couple, and held that theConstitution of Brazil guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry and that the Civil Code does not prohibit the marriage of two people of the same sex.[40][41][42] Using this decision as precedent, manystates amended their directives for issuing marriage certificates to allow same-sex marriages and require notaries who preside over marriage licenses and perform marriages to provide such services to same-sex couples.[3]
Article 226 of the Constitution establishes that marriage is a civil matter and that a "stable union between a man and a woman is recognized as a family entity, and the law shall facilitate the conversion of such entity into marriage". Additionally, it states:[43]
The family, which is the foundation of society, shall enjoy special protection from the state.[b]
On 14 May 2013, theNational Justice Council ruling 14–1 that notaries must license and perform same-sex marriages and convert existing stable unions into marriages if the couples so desire.[1][2][16][17][18][19] President of the Supreme Federal CourtJoaquim Barbosa stated that notaries could not continue to refuse to "license and perform a civil marriage or the conversion of a stable union into a marriage between two people of the same sex."[3][4][45] The ruling took effect on 16 May 2013.
On 21 May 2013, theSocial Christian Party (PSC) filed an appeal with the Supreme Federal Court against the National Justice Council's decision. The party alleged that the Council had overstepped its authority, arguing that the legalization of same-sex marriage was a matter exclusively reserved for theNational Congress.[46] The appeal did not result in astay of the Council's decision. On 30 May 2013, the Supreme Federal Court rejected the appeal on procedural grounds, stating that the PSC had used the incorrect legal instrument to appeal. The court held that the Council's decision could only be challenged through a "direct action for unconstitutionality" (ação direta de inconstitucionalidade) rather than an action for injunction (mandado de segurança).[47][48] On 6 June 2013, the PSC refiled the appeal.[49][50] Subsequently, on 28 August 2013, the Office of the Attorney General (Procuradoria Geral da República), along with theCabinet of Brazil under PresidentDilma Rousseff, submitted an opinion in support of same-sex marriage to the Supreme Court.[51][52] Given that the Council's ruling was issued by its president—who also served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Federal Court—it is unlikely the Court would overturn the decision. As of 2023, the PSC's appeal had not yet proceeded tooral arguments.[53]
The legal recognition of same-sex marriages in Brazil was achieved through the judicial system; Brazil has yet to pass a national same-sex marriage law.[54]
In October 2013, a parliamentary committee recommended a measure to ensure that religious institutions would not be obligated to solemnize same-sex marriages. The proposal would have allowed such institutions to refuse to officiate at marriages "[that] violate [their] values, doctrines, and beliefs". It was expected to be submitted to the National Congress pending approval by a constitutional committee, but no further action was taken before the2014 elections.[55] In March 2017, the Constitution and Justice Commission of theBrazilian Senate preliminarily approved a bill to align the Civil Code with the National Justice Council's ruling. The bill aimed to recognize stable unions between two people of the same sex and allow the conversion of such unions into marriage.[56] It proposed replacing the definition of a family entity from "a stable union between a man and a woman" to "a stable union between two people", and included a provision explicitly stating that marriage may be performed between two people.[57] The commission gave final approval to the bill on 3 May.[58][59][60] However, it was not advanced by either the Senate or theChamber of Deputies prior to the2018 elections.
On 13 November 2024, the Human Rights Committee of the Chamber of Deputies approved a bill to codify same-sex marriage into federal civil law. The text of the bill was originally authored by former CongressmanClodovil Hernandes and was introduced by CongresswomanErika Hilton.[61][62]
Prior to nationwide legalisation in 2013, marriage licenses were granted to same-sex couples in some individual cases, often through the decision of ajudge. On 27 June 2011, a judge in the state ofSão Paulo converted a same-sex stable union into a marriage.[63] The couple held a wedding ceremony the following day. That day, another same-sex stable union was converted into a marriage by Judge Jennifer Antunes de Souza from the 4th Family Court of Brasília.[64] On 29 May 2012, four out of six notary offices inPorto Alegre agreed to convert stable unions into marriages,[65] and on 31 May 2012 acivil partnership contracted by two men inEngland was recognized and converted into a marriage.[66] On 28 June 2012, 28 same-sex couples were legally married in a mass wedding ceremony inBelém.[67]
Following the 2011 Supreme Federal Court ruling on stable unions and the Superior Court of Justice ruling that a lesbian couple could legally marry, several states altered their marriage procedures, enabling same-sex couples to marry in a manner that is bureaucratically identical to opposite-sex couples. The first stateto do so wasAlagoas. On 6 December 2011, its General Judicial Inspectorate (Corregedoria Geral da Justiça)—a supervisory body within the state court system responsible for overseeing the proper functioning of the judiciary's administrative and auxiliary services, particularly in first-instance courts (i.e. trial courts) and registry services (such as marriages and births)—ordered the state civil registry to issue marriage licences to same-sex couples.[68][69] The decision took effect upon publication on 7 December 2011.[70]
Alagoas was followed by the neighboring state ofSergipe on 5 July 2012, when its General Judicial Inspectorate issued a provision legalizing same-sex marriage.[71] On 11 July, the city ofSanta Rita do Sapucaí also began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples following the decision of a judge.[72] On 15 August 2012, the General Judicial Inspectorate ofEspírito Santo similarly issued a circular letter obliging its civil registry to address same-sex marriages in the same manner as opposite-sex marriages, making it the third Brazilian state to legalize same-sex marriage.[73] They were followed byBahia on 26 November,[6][74][75] theFederal District on 1 December,[76] andPiauí on 15 December 2012.[77][78] On 18 December 2012, the General Judicial Inspectorate of São Paulo also updated its marriage provisions to include same-sex couples in a manner equal to opposite-sex couples. The new provisions entered into effect 60 days later (i.e. 16 February 2013).[5][79] Other states followed suit, includingCeará on 15 March,[80][81]Paraná on 26 March,[8][9][82][83]Mato Grosso do Sul on 2 April,[9][84][85]Rondônia on 26 April,[86][87][88]Paraíba andSanta Catarina on 29 April,[89][90][91][92] andMato Grosso on 13 May.[7]
The situation was different inRio de Janeiro; on 17 April 2013 Judge Valmir de Oliveira Silva of the Justice Tribunal of Rio de Janeiro ruled that same-sex couples could marry in the state, but only if local judges approved their request.[15] According to the ruling, couples were required to submit their request to civil registry officers, who had 15 days to issue a decision. If the request was approved, the marriage could proceed; if denied, the marriage would not be authorized.[93]
While manyIndigenous cultures historically practicedpolygamy, there are no records of same-sex marriages being performed in these cultures in the way they are commonly defined inWestern legal systems. However, many Indigenous communities recognize identities and relationships that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Among these aretwo-spirit individuals—people who embody both masculine and feminine qualities. In some cultures, two-spirit individuals assigned male at birth wear women's clothing and engage in household and artistic work associated with the feminine sphere. Historically, this identity sometimes allowed for unions between two people of the same biological sex. AnthropologistDarcy Ribeiro reported such two-spirit people—known asnoǥaligijegi—among theKadiwéu.[94] They wear women's clothing, take care of the family, and marrycisgender men.[95] TheTupinambá refer to them astibira. Onetibira, theTibira do Maranhão, was executed in 1614 by theFrench on charges ofsodomy. The Tupinambá also recognize two-spirit people who are born female but perform men's activities such as hunting. They marry women and adopt similar roles as men in the home.[96] Similar individuals occupying athird gender role are also found among theTicuna, theKarajá and theKrahô.[96]
In 2018, 9,520 same-sex couples married in Brazil; 59.7% of these marriages were performed in theSoutheast Region, 15.1% in theNortheast Region, 14.4% in theSouth Region, 7.4% in theCentral-West Region and 3.4% in theNorth Region.[97] By state, most marriages were performed in São Paulo (4,100), followed byMinas Gerais (737), Rio de Janeiro (723),Rio Grande do Sul (480), Paraná (458), Santa Catarina (429),Pernambuco (391), Ceará (330), Bahia (288), the Federal District (274),Goiás (218),Pará (201), Mato Grosso do Sul (166), Espírito Santo (129),Rio Grande do Norte (114), Paraíba (105), Alagoas (95),Amazonas (49), Mato Grosso (46), Piauí (45), Sergipe (43),Maranhão (26), Rondônia (24),Acre andTocantins (18),Amapá (8) andRoraima (5).[98]
2018 saw a significant rise in marriages, particularly in the later months of the year, with November seeing a 68% rise compared to 2017.[99] Figures for 2020 are lower than previous years because of the restrictions in place due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.
| Year | Same-sex marriages | Opposite-sex marriages | Total marriages | % same-sex | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Total | ||||
| 2013 | 1,926 | 1,775 | 3,701 | 1,048,776 | 1,052,477 | 0.35% |
| 2014 | 2,440 | 2,414 | 4,854 | 1,101,586 | 1,106,440 | 0.44% |
| 2015 | 2,986 | 2,628 | 5,614 | 1,131,707 | 1,137,321 | 0.49% |
| 2016 | 2,943 | 2,411 | 5,354 | 1,090,181 | 1,095,535 | 0.49% |
| 2017 | 3,387 | 2,500 | 5,887 | 1,064,489 | 1,070,376 | 0.55% |
| 2018 | 5,562 | 3,958 | 9,520 | 1,043,947 | 1,053,467 | 0.90% |
| 2019 | 5,349 | 3,707 | 9,056 | 1,015,620 | 1,024,676 | 0.88% |
| 2020 | 3,864 | 2,569 | 6,433 | 750,746 | 757,179 | 0.85% |
| 2021 | 5,602 | 3,600 | 9,202 | 923,300 | 932,502 | 0.99% |
| 2022 | 6,632 | 4,390 | 11,022 | 959,019 | 970,041 | 1.1% |
| 2023 | 7,023 | 4,175 | 11,198 | 929,601 | 940,799 | 1.2% |
Most major religious organisations in Brazil do not perform orbless same-sex marriages in their places of worship. The largestChristian denomination in Brazil is theCatholic Church, which opposes same-sex marriage and does not allow its priests to officiate at marriages of same-sex couples.[101] In December 2023, theHoly See publishedFiducia supplicans, a declaration allowingCatholic priests tobless couples who are not considered to bemarried according to church teaching, including the blessing of same-sex couples.[102] Reactions were mixed.Archbishop of Porto AlegreJaime Spengler stated, "I ask a very simple question, which guides me and also guides my actions: are they people? If they are people, they deserve our respect too. And when they come to us asking for a blessing, I imagine that they are also looking for a word of comfort, of hope and perhaps even the desire to cope with their own situation. We can't deny that!" TheDiocese of Petrópolis issued a statement that "[t]hese people, with these conditions and dispositions, can receive a prayer from the priest, an invocation of God's mercy and help so that they can live according to God's will. This should be an opportunity to proclaim the kerygma to them. Blessings to groups who intend to justify an irregular situation, objectively contrary to Christian morality and the true nature of marriage, which would cause confusion and scandal among the faithful, are therefore forbidden. The Church is Mother and Teacher and never abandons her children. She does not deprive anyone of their spiritual goods. In this sense, people living in an irregular situation who want to receive the Church's blessing should be invited to Mass, during which they will receive the proclamation of the Word, the benefits of the Church's prayer and the final blessing, which is always addressed to everyone."[103]
In 2011, theEvangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil released a pastoral letter accepting the Supreme Court's decision to allow same-sex stable unions,[104][105] although religious same-sex marriages are not allowed in the denomination. The ruling was also welcomed by some Baptist groups.[106]
Some smallerreligious denominations support and solemnise same-sex marriages. In June 2018, theAnglican Episcopal Church of Brazil officially changed itscanons to permit same-sex marriages. The move was approved by its synod by 57 votes to 3. The Church joined otherAnglican provinces, including theAmerican,Scottish andCanadian branches of the Anglican Communion, in performing same-sex weddings.[107][108] The first same-sex marriage in an Anglican church occurred inSão Paulo on 24 November 2018.[109] Several same-sex marriages have also been conducted inUmbanda andCandomblé ceremonies.[110][111][112] An Umbanda priestess inRio de Janeiro said in 2011 that "in umbanda this is accepted. It's fine. … We carry out marriages of love."[113] SomeJewish groups also solemnise same-sex marriages.[114]
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According to aPew Research Center survey conducted between 4 November 2013 and 14 February 2014, 45% ofBrazilians supported same-sex marriage, while 48% were opposed.[115][116] A September–October 2016 survey by theVarkey Foundation found that 59% of 18–21-year-olds supported same-sex marriage in Brazil.[117]
According to theBrazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics, support for equal marital rights for same-sex couples in Brazil stood at 49% in 2017, with 38% opposing. Support was higher among women, young people, people with higher educational levels and Brazilians living in the southern region of the country.[118] The 2017AmericasBarometer showed that 52% of Brazilians supported same-sex marriage.[119] A May 2021Ipsos poll showed that 55% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, 14% favored other forms of legal recognition, while 18% were opposed to all legal recognition for same-sex couples, and 13% were undecided.[120]
The 2023Latinobarómetro estimated that support for same-sex marriage had decreased to 47%, while opposition had increased to 49%.[121] According to aPew Research Center survey conducted in spring 2023, 52% of Brazilians supported same-sex marriage, while 40% were opposed.[22] A June 2023 Ipsos poll showed that 51% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, 15% favored other forms of legal recognition, while 14% were opposed to all legal recognition for same-sex couples, and 20% were undecided. The survey also showed that 69% of Brazilians believed same-sex couples should receive the same adoption rights as opposite-sex couples, and 71% said that same-sex couples were just as likely as other parents to be successful in raising children.[23]
Os Cartórios de Registro Civil de Pesso as Naturais do Estado de Sergipe deverão receber os pedidos de habilitação para casamento de pessoas do mesmo sexo, procedendo na forma do artigo 1.526 da Lei nº 10.406/2002
Que os magistrados e agentes delegados dos Registros Civis de Pessoas Naturais do Estado do Paraná observem as decisões proferidas pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (REsp nº 1.183.378-RS) e por esta Corregedoria da Justiça (autos de consulta nº 2013.49650-9/000), procedendo à habilitação de pessoas do mesmo sexo para o casamento civil, nos termos dos artigos 1.525 e seguintes da Lei Federal nº 10.406/2002 (Código Civil).
Considerando o princípio advindo da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal, na ADI 4277/DF, que passou a admitir a habilitação direta para o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo sem a necessidade do prévio reconhecimento da união estável
Dispõe sobre a habilitação direta para o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo e conversão de união estável em casamento nas serventias extrajudiciais do Estado de Rondônia.
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