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| Sambal | |
|---|---|
| Sambali | |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Zambales,Pangasinan,Metro Manila,Palawan |
| Ethnicity | Sambal |
Native speakers | (70,000 cited 2000)[1] |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Philippines (as aregional language) |
| Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xsb |
| Glottolog | tina1248 |
 Area where Sambal is spoken | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Sambal[note 1] is aSambalic language spoken primarily in theZambalmunicipalities ofSanta Cruz,Candelaria,Masinloc,Palauig, andIba, in thePangasinense municipality ofInfanta, and areas ofPampanga in the boundary with Zambales in thePhilippines; speakers can also be found inPanitian,Quezon, Palawan and Barangay Mandaragat or Buncag ofPuerto Princesa.[citation needed] The speakers of the language are decreasing due to the fact that many of the speakers are shifting toTagalog andIlocano.
The first European-produced reference grammar of anyindigenous language of the Philippines was that of Zambal, publishedcirca 1601.[3]
Ethnologue reports Santa Cruz, Masinloc and Iba as dialects of the language.[1]
The language is occasionally referred to aszambal, which is thehispanized form ofSambal.
Sambal had also for a time been referred to asTina,[4] a term still encountered in older sources. The term, however, which means 'bleached' in theBotolan variety of the language,[5] is considered offensive. Thepejorative term was first used in the late 1970s by researchers from theSummer Institute of Linguistics (now SIL International).[5] Sambals would not normally recognize the reference.[6]
Sambal language is most closely related toKapampangan and to a classic form ofTagalog still spoken inTanay in the province ofRizal. This has been interpreted to mean thatSambal speakers had once inhabited that area, later being displaced by migratingTagalog settlers, pushing the original inhabitants northward to the modern province of Zambales,[7] in turn, displacing theAetas. In Zambales, Sambal speakers were almost displaced by Tagalog settlers once again who migrated along with Ilocano settlers to repopulate the less-populated Zambales valley, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline of Sambal cultural identity and language.[8][9][10] There is also a possible relationship between the Sambal speakers and the population of the island provinces of Marinduque and Romblon based on commonalities in some traditions and practices.
Sambali has 19phonemes: 16consonants and threevowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple.
Sambali has three vowels. They are:
There are five maindiphthongs:/aɪ/,/uɪ/,/aʊ/, /ij/, and/iʊ/.
Below is a chart of Sambal consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. Thevelar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.
| Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | Voiceless | p | t | k | (-) [ʔ] | |
| Voiced | b | d | g | |||
| Affricates | Voiceless | (ts) [tʃ] | ||||
| Voiced | ||||||
| Fricatives | s | h | ||||
| Nasals | m | n | ng [ŋ] | |||
| Laterals | l | |||||
| Flaps | ɾ | |||||
| Semivowels | w | y [j] | ||||
Note: Consonants[d] and[ɾ] sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones.Dy is pronounced[dʒ],ny[ɲ],sy[ʃ], andty[tʃ].
Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Word stress is very important; it differentiateshomonyms, e.g.hikó ('I') andhíko ('elbow').
Many words pronounced with/s/ and/ɡ/ inCebuano andTagalog are pronounced with/h/ and/j/, respectively, in their cognates in Sambal. Comparehiko andba-yo with the Tagalogsiko andbago.
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Note: In a general conversation,hi is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun: e.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter, as ‘kunlay na rin.
Example:
'The man arrived.' Dumating ang lalaki:
Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. 'John saw Mary.'
Note that in Philippine languages, even the names of people require an article.
'Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house.'
'Father has the keys.'
'That baby is healthy.'
Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Exclusive | ako – hiko ko – ko akin – hikunko (shortened to ‘kunko) | kita – ta, kunta | kami – hikami or ‘kami namin – mi amin – hikunmi or ‘kunmi |
| Inclusive | tayo – hitamo or ‘tamo natin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo atin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo | |||
| 2nd person | ikáw – hika mo – mo iyó – hikunmo or ‘kunmo | kayo – hikamo or ‘kamo ninyo – moyo inyo – hikunmoyo or ‘kunmoyo | ||
| 3rd person | siya – hiya niya – naya kaniya – hikunnaya or ‘kunnaya | silá – hila nilá – la kanilá – hikunla or ‘kunla | ||
Examples:
'I wrote.'
Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.
| Sambal | Tagalog | English |
|---|---|---|
| Ayri/Ayti | Saan | Where |
| Anya | Ano | What |
| Anta/Ongkot | Bakit | Why |
| Hino | Sino | Who |
| Nakano | Kailan | When |
Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb[11] "He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination," followed by the original inTagalog.
Ama mi an ison ha langit,
sambawon a ngalan mo.
Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo.
Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota
a bilang anamaot ison ha langit.
Biyan mo kami komon nin
pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo;
tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi
a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi
konlan ampagkasalanan komi.
Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami,
nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka,
ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin
panganggawan. Amen.[12]
Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian.
Lomato ana komon an awlon sikay mag-ari.
Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo.
Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang
pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi
tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso.
Wamoyo.[12]
Sambal numbers are listed below.
| Sambal | English |
|---|---|
| A`sa | One |
| Luwa | Two |
| Tulo | Three |
| A`pat | Four |
| Lima | Five |
| A`num | Six |
| Pito | Seven |
| Walo | Eight |
| Siyam | Nine |
| Mapulo | Ten |
| Hanyato | One hundred |
| Sambal | Tagalog | English |
|---|---|---|
| Kay ko tanda/Tanda ko | Hindi ko alam/Alam ko | I don't know / I know |
| Papo | Lola/lolo | Grandparent |
| Kaka | Ate/kuya/pinsan | Sibling or cousin |
| Akay ko labay/Labay ko | Hindi ko gusto/Gusto ko | I don't like / I like |
| Murong tamoy na | Uwi/balik na tayo | Let's go home/back |
| Hadilap | Bukas | Tomorrow |
| Hawanin | Ngayon | Now/today |
| Naapon | Kahapon | Yesterday |
| Ya | Oo | Yes |
| Ka`i | Hindi | No |
| Mikaka-awlo | Buong araw | Whole day |
| Mangan tamoy na | Kumain na tayo | Let’s eat |
| Mabati kay na | Maiwan ka na | Stay there |
| Hagyatin | Tawagin | Call |
| Hay amot | Ang init | It’s hot |
| Liglig-dalan | Tabi ng daan | Side of the road |
| Liglig-ambay | Tabi ng dagat | Coastline |
| Ya naur | Kaya nga/Oo nga | About right |
| Ibayle | Isayaw/Sumayaw | Dance |
| Mangapon | Maghapunan | Eat supper |
| Hay tiboy | Ang tigas | It’s hard |
| Hay duna | Ang tigas | It’s chewy |
| Ili yay nan ili | Tawa siya ng tawa | He/she is laughing to much |
| Mapagal koy na | Pagod na ako | I am tired |
| Mikakalok koy na | Matutulog na ako | I am going to sleep |
