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Clockwise, from top: Samarinda Islamic Center seen from the Mahakam River, Samarinda Regional House of Representatives building, Samarinda Museum, East Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives building, East Kalimantan Governor Residence
[11]Samarinda is thecapital city of theIndonesian province ofEast Kalimantan on the island ofBorneo. The city lies on the banks of theMahakam River with a land area of 718 km2 (277 sq mi). Samarinda was one of Indonesia's top tenMost Liveable Cities in 2022,[12][13] ranks first onEast KalimantanHuman Development Index[14] and it is the most populous city on the entire Borneo island, with a population of 727,500 at the 2010 Census[15] and 827,994 at the 2020 Census;[16] the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 868,499.[1] Samarinda is East Kalimantan's largest exporter[17] and fifth-largest importer.[18] The city has the highest number of bank headquarters in East Kalimantan.[19]
In 2021, Samarinda Harbour became the busiest passenger port inEast Kalimantan.[20] The container port in Samarinda is also the busiest in East Kalimantan, handled more than 271 thousand twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) in 2019.[21][22]
Samarinda is known for its traditional foodamplang, as well as the clothsarung samarinda.[23] As of 2021, the city has 3 bridges connecting its riverbanks:Mahakam Bridge,Mahakam Ulu Bridge [id], andAchmad Amins Bridge. The city centre is located north of the Mahakam river.
The name Samarinda originates from the description of the way in which theBugis houses were constructed. At that time houses were customarily built on a raft and generally had the same height. This provided important social symbolism of equality between residents; no person's house, and thus no person, was seen as higher or lower than another. They named the settlement “Samarenda”, meaning “equally low”. After hundreds of years of use the pronunciation of the name changed slightly and the city became known as Samarinda.[24]
Samarinda was known as one of the territories in Kutai Kertanegara ing Martapura Sultanate. In the 13th century, before known as Samarinda, it already had villages settled in 6 locations.
The treaty did not quell all trouble for the Dutch however, since theBugis from Gowa continued their struggle using guerilla tactics.[citation needed] Some Buginese moved to other islands close by such as Kalimantan. A few thousand people led by Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I, moved to East Kalimantan, known then asKutai, where they were welcomed by the local Sultan.[citation needed]
Samarinda was a small, sleepy town in 1942 with several small oil fields in the vicinity. It was occupied by the Japanese after theDutch East Indies had fallen.[26]
In 1955, the Apostolic Vicariate of Samarinda was established in the city. In 1961, it was promoted as the Diocese of Samarinda. In 2003, the diocese was promoted as theMetropolitan Archdiocese of Samarinda.[25]
During its early days after formation in 1960, Samarinda originally only consisted of 2 districts, namely Samarinda Kota (not to be confused with the current district) andSamarinda Seberang (with a total area of 167 km2). Then, Samarinda Kota was later split into Samarinda Ilir and Samarinda Ulu (date unknown). On 24 April 1969, districtsPalaran,Sanga-Sanga,Muara Jawa andSamboja were transferred from Kutai Regency to Samarinda, therefore, its total area increased to around 2,727 km2.[27]
At the time of the 2010 Census, Samarinda City was divided into sixdistricts (Indonesian:kecamatan), but four additional districts were subsequently created by splitting of existing ones. The ten districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[15] and the 2020 Census,[16] together with the official estimates as at mid 2024.[1] The table also includes the number of urban villages in each district (all classed as urbankelurahan) and their post codes.
Notes: (a) the 2010 populations of Samarinda Kota and Sambutan Districts are included in the 2010 figure for Samarinda Ilir District, from which they were later split off. (b) the 2010 population of Loa Janan Ilir District is included in the figure for Samarinda Seberang District, from which it was later split off. (c) the 2010 population of Sungai Pinang District is included in the figure for Samarinda Utara District, from which it was later split off.
Samarinda has atropical rainforest climate (Köppen:Af) with heavy rainfall and hot, oppressively humid temperatures year-round. Hail is extremely rare, it was recorded on 21 November 2019.[28][29] The lowest recorded temperature in Samarinda is 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) in October 1982,[30] while the highest recorded is 40.2 °C (104 °F) on 8 February 2008.[31]
Climate data for Samarinda (Temindung Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1993–2023)
The territory's population in mid 2024 was 868,499, with an annual growth rate of 0.77% in 2023–2024.[1] The majority of the people of Samarinda are of Native Indonesian and Chinese descent with a small minority of Arabs. There are also Americans, Canadians, Europeans, Japanese, Filipinos and Koreans working in Samarinda. Life expectancy in Samarinda was 73.6 years as of 2014.
Samarinda's main religions are Islam and Christianity. The Muslim community forms the majority of the population numbering around 91%. The Christian community numbers at nearly 66,000 individuals or slightly over 7% of the total population; Protestants form a larger number thanRoman Catholics at a rate of 10:3. There are also small Buddhist,Hindu and other religious communities.[34]
The urban area surrounding the city contains many suburban communities, particularly in the neighbouring districts (kecamatan) ofLoa Kulu,Loa Janan,Muara Jawa,Sanga Sanga,Anggana andMuara Badak (all part ofKutai Kartanegara Regency). Together with the city's own residents, they constitute an urban area of over 1,050,000 inhabitants.
Samarinda has sufficient healthcare facilities in East Kalimantan. They are also supported by several colleges associated with healthcare, one of those is Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Regional Public Hospital which is affiliated with Mulawarman University and East Kalimantan Healthcare Polytechnic.
Since 2004, trade has been the engine of Samarinda's economic growth.[36] It is also driven by the large amount of logging and oil extraction companies based there. Similar to Balikpapan, many national logging companies are based in Samarinda.[citation needed] There are many abandoned coal mines in Samarinda. Coal mining used to be very popular in Samarinda. However, the Indonesian government revoked many mining licenses due to the use of illegal chemicals and machinery.[citation needed]
Tourism sector also plays an important role in Samarinda's economy; it attracted over 2,000 international tourists and 1.2 million domestic tourists in 2019,[37] making Samarinda the 2nd most popular tourists destination inEast Kalimantan.[38] In 2020, agriculture constituted only 2 per cent ofGDP, and consists of growing flower varieties (rose, jasmine, orchid) and fruits (pomelo citrus fruit).[14]
Mahakam River day view, viewed fromIslamic Centre Tower, a major tourist attraction that offers views ofMahakam River and its surroundings
There are 10 markets scattered in Samarinda. The oldest one is Pasar Pagi (Morning Market), which was built on the river bank. As the city grew, the market relocated away from the river. While Palaran Trade Centre (PTC) is the first market in Samarinda with a modern concept, the market was opened on 10 May 2010.
The main transport infrastructure of Samarinda is different than every other cities in Kalimantan, characterised by more dominant private companies andlocal government involvement compared tonational government involvement. Those are Samarinda International Airport (East Kalimantan government),[39][40] SkyTrain rapid transit project (public-private partnership),[41][42]Samarinda Tunnel project (Samarinda Government)[43][44] and Port of Palaran (private).[45]
As a city located on the Mahakam river, Samarinda has a history of water transportation. The notable transportation isTambangan andKetinting. Tambangan used to cross the river fromSamarinda Seberang to Pasar Pagi, while Ketinting became the transportation to cross the river or to other places. Ferries used to operate from Harapan Baru, Samarinda Seberang to Samarinda city for transporting vehicles.
After theMahakam Bridge was erected in 1986, the usage of Tambangan and Ketinting decreased though didn't significantly, and ferries ceased to exist.
Besides Mahakam Bridge, there are 3 other bridges such as Mahakam Ulu Bridge, Achmad Amins Bridge, and Mahakam IV Bridge.
Container port in Palaran
The prominent coal loading port ofTanjung Bara (TBCT) lies about 160 kilometres to the north of Samarinda.[46]
There is also a container port located inPalaran operated since 2010, which is used to replace the older port. During the construction of theIKN, the port has been officially designated as National Vital Object since 2023.[47]
There are about 850,000 vehicles registered in Samarinda, the highest number of vehicles of any city in East Kalimantan.[48] Samarinda has 3 bus terminals. There are:
Sungai Kunjang Bus Terminus which served routes to Balikpapan, Kutai Kartanegara, and West Kutai.
Lempake Bus Terminus which served routes to Bontang and East Kutai.
Seberang Bus Terminus which served routes to Paser and South Kalimantan.[49]
Aerial view of Samarinda International Airport in 2018
APT Pranoto (Samarinda Sungai Siring, AAP) International Airport is the primary airport for the city and has been at Sungai Siring since 2018. With over 1 million passengers annually, it is one of East Kalimantan's busiest airports in terms of passenger and cargo movements. AAP is an important Australian passenger gateway for East Kalimantan's wildlife. AAP was built to replaceTemindung Airport in Bandara, Sungai Pinang.
Samarinda has sports facilities such as basketball courts, football fields, and rock climbing. Samarinda also has 3 stadiums, which are Gelora Kadri Oening Stadium, Segiri Stadium, andPalaran Stadium.
Samarinda is home to professional football club which competes inSuper League,Borneo FC with Segiri Stadium as their ground.
Currently there are only 2 local TV stations, which are TVRI Kalimantan Timur, and Tepian TV. There were alsoSamarinda TV and Samcom TV operated in the city, which are no longer air.
The first newspapers in Samarinda were Persatoen and Perasaan Kita. Both were not daily newspapers. The first daily newspapers in Samarinda were Surat Kabar Pewarta Borneo and Pantjaran Berita.
During the New Order era, there were only 2 newspapers allowed in East Kalimantan. Manuntung (became known as Kaltim Post) and Suara Kaltim (before renamed to Swara Kaltim).[51]
The current newspapers are Samarinda Pos (which is a subsidiary of Kaltim Post Group), KoranKaltim, Kalpost, and Express.
^Dahlan, Oemar (1978).Asal-Usul Nama Samarinda Sejak Zaman sebelum Kemerdekaan, Nama Ini Sudah Terkenal di Seluruh Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
^abArs, Moh (1986).Sejarah Kota Samarinda. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
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