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| Geographical range | Middle Volga |
|---|---|
| Period | Eneolithic |
| Dates | 5th millennium BCE |
| Preceded by | Elshanka culture,Middle Volga culture,Afontova Gora,Mal'ta |
| Followed by | Khvalynsk culture |
TheSamara culture is anEneolithic[1] (Copper Age)culture dating to the turn of the5th millennium BCE,[note 1] at theSamara Bend of theVolga River (modern Russia). The Samara culture is regarded as related to contemporaneous or subsequent prehistoric cultures of thePontic–Caspian steppe, such as theKhvalynsk,Repin andYamna (or Yamnaya) cultures.[2]
The Samara culture is anEneolithic culture of the early 5th millennium BCE[note 1] at theSamara bend region of the middleVolga, at the northern edge of the steppe zone.[3] It was discovered during archaeological excavations in 1973 near the village ofSyezzheye (Съезжее) nearBogatoye. Related sites are Varfolomeyevka on the Russian-Kazakh border[4] (5500 BCE), which has parallels inDzhangar [ru], settlement inKalmykia, Russia,[5] and Mykol'ske, Ukraine, on theDnieper. The later stages of the Samara culture are contemporaneous[3] with itssuccessor culture in the region, the earlyKhvalynsk culture (4700–3800 BCE),[6][note 1] while the archaeological findings seem related to those of theDniepr-Donets II culture[3] (5200/5000–4400/4200 BCE).[7]
The valley of theSamara river contains sites from earlier cultures as well (including theElshanka culture), which are descriptively termed "Samara cultures" or "Samara valley cultures". Some of these sites are currently under excavation. "The Samara culture" as a proper name, however, is reserved for the early eneolithic of the region.
Pottery consists mainly of egg-shaped beakers with pronounced rims. They were not able to stand on a flat surface, suggesting that some method of supporting or carrying must have been in use, perhaps basketry or slings, for which the rims would have been a useful point of support. The carrier slung the pots over the shoulder or onto an animal.Decoration consists of circumferential motifs: lines, bands, zig-zags or wavy lines, incised, stabbed or impressed with a comb. These patterns are best understood when seen from the top. They appear then to be a solar motif, with the mouth of the pot as the sun. Later developments of this theme show that in fact the sun is being represented.
The culture is characterized by the remains of animal sacrifice, which occur over most of the sites. There is no indisputable evidence of riding, but there werehorse burials, the earliest in the Old World.[9] Typically the head and hooves of cattle, sheep, and horses are placed in shallow bowls over the human grave, smothered with ochre. Some have seen the beginning of the horse sacrifice in these remains, but this interpretation has not been more definitely substantiated. It is known that the Indo-Europeans sacrificed both animals and people, like many other cultures.
The graves found are shallow pits for single individuals, but two or three individuals might be placed there.
Some of the graves are covered with a stonecairn or a low earthen mound, the very first predecessor of thekurgan[citation needed]. The later, fully developed kurgan was a hill on which the deceased chief might ascend to the sky god, but whether these early mounds had that significance is doubtful.
Grave offerings included ornaments depicting horses. The graves also had an overburden of horse remains; it cannot yet be determined decisively if these horses weredomesticated and ridden or not, but they were certainly used as a meat-animal. Most controversial are bone plaques of horses or double oxen heads, which were pierced.
The graves yield well-made daggers of flint and bone, placed at the arm or head of the deceased, one in the grave of a small boy. Weapons in the graves of children are common later. Other weapons are bone spearheads and flint arrowheads.
Other carved bonefigurines andpendants were found in the graves.
The Samara culture was preceded by theMiddle Volga culture that flourished in the 6th millennium BCE.
Genetic analyses of a male buried at Lebyazhinka, radiocarbon dated to 5640-5555 BCE, found that he belonged to a population often referred to as "Samara hunter-gatherers", a group closely associated withEastern Hunter-Gatherers. The male sample carriedY-haplogroup R1b1a1a and mitochondrial haplogroupU5a1d.[10][11][12]
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