Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Salzburg

Coordinates:47°48′00″N13°02′42″E / 47.80000°N 13.04500°E /47.80000; 13.04500
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Capital of the state of Salzburg, Austria
This article is about the city in Austria. For the federal state, seeSalzburg (federal state). For other uses, seeSalzburg (disambiguation).
This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Salzburg" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR
(June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Statutory city in Austria
Salzburg
Flag of Salzburg

Banner of Salzburg
Flag
Coat of arms of Salzburg
Coat of arms
Salzburg is located in Salzburg
Salzburg
Salzburg
Location within Austria
Show map of Salzburg
Salzburg is located in Austria
Salzburg
Salzburg
Salzburg (Austria)
Show map of Austria
Coordinates:47°48′00″N13°02′42″E / 47.80000°N 13.04500°E /47.80000; 13.04500
Country Austria
Federal stateSalzburg
DistrictStatutory city
Government
 • MayorBernhard Auinger (SPÖ)
Area
 • Total
65.65 km2 (25.35 sq mi)
Elevation
424 m (1,391 ft)
Population
 (1 October 2020)[2]
 • Total
157,245
 • Density2,400/km2 (6,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s)English:Salzburger or Salzburgian
German:Salzburger (m.),Salzburgerin (f.)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
5020
Area code0662
Vehicle registrationS
Websitewww.stadt-salzburg.at
Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv, vi
Reference784
Inscription1996 (20thSession)
Area236 ha
Buffer zone467 ha

Salzburg[a] is thefourth-largest city inAustria. In 2020 its population was 156,852.[7]

The town occupies the site of the Roman settlement ofIuvavum. Founded as anepiscopal see in 696, it became aseat of the archbishop in 798. Its main sources of income were salt extraction, trade, as well as gold mining. Thefortress of Hohensalzburg, one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe, dates from the 11th century. In the 17th century, Salzburg became a center of theCounter-Reformation, with monasteries and numerous Baroque churches built.

Salzburg's historic center (German:Altstadt) is renowned for itsBaroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. The historic center was enlisted as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site in 1996.[8] The city has three universities and a large student population.

Etymology

[edit]

The name "Salzburg" was first recorded in the late 8th century.[b] It is composed of two parts; the first being "Salz-" (German for "salt") and the second being "-burg" fromProto-West-Germanic:*burg conveying the same meaning asLatin:oppidum,lit.'fortified settlement, city' and not that of theNew High German:Burg,lit. 'fortress'.[9]

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Salzburg.

Antiquity

[edit]
In the 8th century the Benedictine monastery of Nonnberg was founded for Erentrudis, who was later canonized.

The area of the city has been inhabited continuously since theNeolithic Age until the present. In theLa Tène period it was an administrative centre of theCelticAlums in the Kingdom ofNoricum.

After theRoman invasion in 15 BC, the various settlements on the Salzburg hills were abandoned, following the construction of the Roman city in the area of the old town. The recently createdMunicipium Claudium Iuvavum was awarded the status of a Romanmunicipium in 45 CE and has become one of the most important cities of the nowRoman province ofNoricum.

Middle Ages

[edit]

When the province of Noricum collapsed in 488 at the beginning of themigration period, part of the Romano-Celtic population remained in the country. In the 6th century, they came under the rule of theBaiuvarii. TheLife ofSaint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the city's rebirth, when around 696 CE, BishopRupert of Salzburg received the remains of the Roman town fromDuke Theodo II of Bavaria as well as acastrum superius (upper castle) on the Nonnberg Terrace as a gift.[10] In return he was toevangelize the east and south-east of the country of Bavaria.

Rupert reconnoitred the river for the site of hisbasilica and choseIuvavum. He ordained priests and annexed the manor ofPiding. Rupert built a church atSt. Peter on the site of today's cathedral and probably also founded the associated monastery and the Benedictine nunnery on Nonnberg for his relativeErentrude.[11] Salzburg has been the seat of adiocesan bishop since 739 CE[12] and anarchbishopric since 798 CE. The first cathedral was built under Archbishop Virgil. TheFranciscan Church existed since the beginning of the 9th century at the latest.[13] The Marienkirche dates from 1139.

The Romanesque Palace, Hohensalzburg Fortress, with a ring wall enclosing the hilltop, built on the site of a Roman fort.

The first use of the German name Salzburg, meaningSalt-Castle, can be traced back to 739 CE when the name was used inWillibald's report on the organization of the Bavarian dioceses bySaint Boniface.[14] The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the RiverSalzach, which were subject to a toll in the 8th century as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers.Hohensalzburg Fortress, the city'sfortress was built on the site of a Roman fort[15] in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence.[16] It was greatly expanded during the following centuries. This site is not the site of the Romancastrum superius, which was located on the Nonnberg nearby.

The state of Salzburg and its counties soon gained more and more influence and power within Bavaria due to the flourishingsalt mining and the wide-ranging missionary activities.[17] In 996Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor rented Archbishop Hartwig themarket rights andminting rights (probably also the toll law). The first part of Hohensalzburg Fortress was built in 1077. A city judge was first mentioned in a document in 1120/30. On the left bank of the Salzach, an extensive spiritual district was created with the cathedral, the bishop's residence north-west of the cathedral, the cathedral monastery on its south side, St Peter's monastery and the Frauengarten (probably after a former women's convent that was dissolved in 1583). Only during the 12th century did the civil settlement begin to spread into the Getreidegasse, the Abtsgasse (Sigmund Haffner-Gasse) and along the quay. Around 1280 the first city fortifications were created.[18] The oldest known city law document dates from the year 1287.[19]

Under the prince-bishopric's rule

[edit]
Main article:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg

Independence fromBavaria was secured in the late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of theArchbishopric of Salzburg, aprince-bishopric of theHoly Roman Empire. As the Reformation movement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during theGerman Peasants' War, and the Archbishop had to flee to the safety of the fortress.[16] It was besieged for three months in 1525.

Eventually, tensions were quelled, and the city's independence led to an increase in wealth and prosperity, culminating in the late 16th to 18th centuries under the Prince ArchbishopsWolf Dietrich von Raitenau,Markus Sittikus, andParis Lodron. It was in the 17th century that Italian architects (and Austrians who had studied the Baroque style) rebuilt the city center as it is today along with many palaces.[20]

Modern era

[edit]

Religious conflict

[edit]
Main article:Salzburg Protestants

On 31 October 1731, the 214th anniversary ofthe 95 Theses,Archbishop CountLeopold Anton von Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion, theEmigrationspatent, directing allProtestant citizens to recant their non-Catholic beliefs. 21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by KingFriedrich Wilhelm I ofPrussia, travelling the length and breadth of Germany to their new homes in East Prussia.[21] The rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and the British colonies in America.

Illuminism

[edit]

In 1772–1803, under archbishopHieronymus Graf von Colloredo, Salzburg was a center of lateIlluminism. Colloredo is known for being one of the main employers ofWolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Colloredo often had arguments with Mozart and he dismissed him by saying,Soll er doch gehen, ich brauche ihn nicht! (He should go; I don't need him!). Mozart left Salzburg for Vienna in 1781 with his family, although his fatherLeopold stayed behind, as he had a close relationship with Colloredo.

Electorate of Salzburg

[edit]

In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by EmperorNapoleon; he transferred the territory toFerdinando III of Tuscany, former Grand Duke ofTuscany, as theElectorate of Salzburg.

Austrian and Bavarian rule

[edit]

In 1805, Salzburg was annexed to theAustrian Empire, along with theBerchtesgaden Provostry. In 1809, the territory of Salzburg was transferred to theKingdom of Bavaria after Austria's defeat atWagram. After theCongress of Vienna with theTreaty of Munich (1816), Salzburg was definitively returned to Austria, but without Rupertigau and Berchtesgaden, which remained withBavaria. Salzburg was integrated into the Province of Salzach and Salzburgerland was ruled fromLinz.[22]

In 1850, Salzburg's status was restored as the capital of theDuchy of Salzburg, acrownland of theAustrian Empire. The city became part ofAustria-Hungary in 1866 as the capital of a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The nostalgia of theRomantic Era led to increased tourism. In 1892, afunicular was installed to facilitate tourism toHohensalzburg Fortress.[23]

Salzburg in 1914;cathedral on the left,Hohensalzburg Fortress in the background

20th century

[edit]

First Republic

[edit]

FollowingWorld War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Salzburg, as the capital of one of theAustro-Hungarian territories, became part of the newGerman Austria. In 1918, it represented the residualGerman-speaking territories of the Austrian heartlands. This was replaced by theFirst Austrian Republic in 1919, after theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).

Annexation by Nazi Germany

[edit]
Young Austrians at celebrations just after theAnschluss, March 1938

TheAnschluss (the occupation and annexation of Austria, including Salzburg, intoNazi Germany) took place on 12 March 1938, one day before a scheduledreferendum on Austria's independence. German troops moved into the city. Political opponents,Jewish citizens andother minorities were subsequently arrested anddeported to concentration camps. Thesynagogue was destroyed.

World War II

[edit]

After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, severalPOW camps for prisoners from theSoviet Union and other enemy nations were arranged in the city.

During the Nazi occupation, aRomani camp was built in Salzburg-Maxglan. It was an Arbeitserziehungslager (work 'education' camp), which provided slave labor to local industry. It also operated as a Zwischenlager (transit camp), holding Roma before their deportation to German camps or ghettos in German-occupied territories in eastern Europe.[24]

Salzburg was also the location of five subcamps of theDachau concentration camp.[25]

Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Fifteen air strikes destroyed 46 percent of the city's buildings, especially those around Salzburg railway station. Although the town's bridges and the dome of thecathedral were destroyed, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, Salzburg is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style.American troops entered the city on 5 May 1945 and it became the centre of theAmerican-occupied area in Austria. Severaldisplaced persons camps were established in Salzburg—among them Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine.

Today

[edit]

After World War II, Salzburg became the capital city of the FederalState of Salzburg (Land Salzburg) and saw the Americans leave the area once Austria had signed a1955 treaty re-establishing the country as a democratic and independent nation and subsequentlydeclared its perpetual neutrality. In the 1960s, the city became the shooting location and setting of the family musical filmThe Sound of Music. On 27 January 2006, the 250th anniversary of the birth ofWolfgang Amadeus Mozart, all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells after 8:00 p.m. (local time) to celebrate the occasion. Major celebrations took place throughout the year.

As of 2017 Salzburg had a GDP per capita of €46,100, which was greater than the average for Austria and most European countries.[26]

Geography

[edit]
Eastern view of the Salzburg Basin with the city of Salzburg in the centre

Salzburg is on the banks of the RiverSalzach, at the northern boundary of theAlps. The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 1,972‑metre-highUntersberg, is less than 16 km (10 mi) from the city center. TheAltstadt, or "old town", is dominated by itsbaroque towers and churches and the massiveHohensalzburg Fortress. This area is flanked by two smaller hills, theMönchsberg andKapuzinerberg, which offer green relief within the city. Salzburg is approximately 150 km (93 mi) east ofMunich, 281 km (175 mi) northwest ofLjubljana,Slovenia, and 300 km (186 mi) west ofVienna. Salzburg has about the same latitude asSeattle.

Due to its proximity to the Austrian-German border, the greater Salzburg urban area has sometimes (unoffcially) been thought of as if it included contiguous parts of Germany:Freilassing (until 1923 known as Salzburghofen),Ainring andPiding. Public transport planning and multiple public transport lines stretch across the border.

Climate

[edit]
Winter fog looking south on the Müllnersteg over the Salzach, December 2024
Winterfog looking south on the Müllnersteg over theSalzach, December 2024

TheKöppen climate classification specifies Salzburg's climate as awarm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb). However, with the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm for the coldest month, Salzburg can be classified as having a four-seasonoceanic climate (Cfb) with significant temperature differences between seasons. Due to the location at the northern rim of the Alps, the amount of precipitation is comparatively high, mainly in the summer months. The specificdrizzle is calledSchnürlregen in the local dialect. In winter and spring, pronouncedfoehn winds regularly occur.

Climate data for Salzburg-Flughafen (LOWS) 1991–2020, extremes 1874–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)20.8
(69.4)
21.7
(71.1)
24.9
(76.8)
30.3
(86.5)
34.1
(93.4)
35.7
(96.3)
37.7
(99.9)
36.6
(97.9)
33.3
(91.9)
28.2
(82.8)
24.1
(75.4)
19.1
(66.4)
37.7
(99.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)3.4
(38.1)
6.2
(43.2)
10.2
(50.4)
15.7
(60.3)
19.3
(66.7)
23.2
(73.8)
24.3
(75.7)
24.0
(75.2)
19.9
(67.8)
14.4
(57.9)
8.5
(47.3)
4.0
(39.2)
14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.0
(32.0)
1.6
(34.9)
5.7
(42.3)
10.1
(50.2)
14.4
(57.9)
17.9
(64.2)
19.6
(67.3)
19.4
(66.9)
15.0
(59.0)
10.4
(50.7)
4.8
(40.6)
0.9
(33.6)
10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−3.6
(25.5)
−2.8
(27.0)
0.7
(33.3)
4.3
(39.7)
8.3
(46.9)
12.5
(54.5)
13.8
(56.8)
13.6
(56.5)
10.1
(50.2)
5.6
(42.1)
0.9
(33.6)
−2.5
(27.5)
5.1
(41.2)
Record low °C (°F)−30.4
(−22.7)
−30.6
(−23.1)
−21.6
(−6.9)
−9.2
(15.4)
−3.4
(25.9)
−0.1
(31.8)
3.7
(38.7)
2.0
(35.6)
−3.0
(26.6)
−8.3
(17.1)
−18.0
(−0.4)
−27.7
(−17.9)
−30.6
(−23.1)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)59
(2.3)
53
(2.1)
87
(3.4)
78
(3.1)
115
(4.5)
151
(5.9)
158
(6.2)
164
(6.5)
112
(4.4)
73
(2.9)
72
(2.8)
72
(2.8)
1,195
(47.0)
Average snowfall cm (inches)20.0
(7.9)
19.5
(7.7)
11.5
(4.5)
1.4
(0.6)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.6
(0.2)
6.5
(2.6)
18.8
(7.4)
78.3
(30.8)
Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm)14.612.25.60.80.00.00.00.00.00.23.810.047.2
Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 14:00)71.763.556.150.553.054.653.255.059.362.971.173.960.4
Mean monthlysunshine hours67.091.9130.0152.6196.4193.9221.1202.8167.7129.781.262.81,697.1
Percentagepossible sunshine26.934.437.939.444.343.748.848.347.442.930.826.739.3
Source 1:Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (precipitation 1981–2010, sun 1971–2000)[27][28][29]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[30]
Climate data for Salzburg-Flughafen (LOWS) 1961–1990[i]
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean maximum °C (°F)10.5
(50.9)
13.2
(55.8)
19.6
(67.3)
23.2
(73.8)
26.8
(80.2)
30.1
(86.2)
31.4
(88.5)
31.3
(88.3)
27.9
(82.2)
23.4
(74.1)
18.0
(64.4)
11.5
(52.7)
31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)2.4
(36.3)
4.9
(40.8)
9.5
(49.1)
14.1
(57.4)
18.9
(66.0)
21.8
(71.2)
23.8
(74.8)
23.4
(74.1)
20.1
(68.2)
15.1
(59.2)
8.0
(46.4)
3.2
(37.8)
13.8
(56.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)−1.3
(29.7)
0.7
(33.3)
4.7
(40.5)
8.9
(48.0)
13.3
(55.9)
16.4
(61.5)
18.3
(64.9)
18.0
(64.4)
15.0
(59.0)
10.0
(50.0)
4.2
(39.6)
−0.3
(31.5)
9.0
(48.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−5.0
(23.0)
−3.4
(25.9)
−0.1
(31.8)
3.7
(38.7)
7.7
(45.9)
11.1
(52.0)
12.9
(55.2)
12.7
(54.9)
9.9
(49.8)
5.0
(41.0)
0.4
(32.7)
−3.7
(25.3)
4.3
(39.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F)−15.1
(4.8)
−11.9
(10.6)
−7.5
(18.5)
−1.9
(28.6)
1.5
(34.7)
5.3
(41.5)
7.8
(46.0)
7.1
(44.8)
3.8
(38.8)
−1.6
(29.1)
−7.5
(18.5)
−14.0
(6.8)
−15.1
(4.8)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)63.4
(2.50)
59.1
(2.33)
66.1
(2.60)
82.9
(3.26)
128.6
(5.06)
154.3
(6.07)
160.0
(6.30)
152.8
(6.02)
89.9
(3.54)
68.0
(2.68)
73.9
(2.91)
71.4
(2.81)
1,170.4
(46.08)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)10.71011.112.313.315.114.513.8108.610.211.6141.2
Averagerelative humidity (%)82797470697171757880818276
Average afternoonrelative humidity (%)74675854535655576063707662
Averagedew point °C (°F)−3.7
(25.3)
−2.9
(26.8)
−0.6
(30.9)
2.8
(37.0)
7.2
(45.0)
10.6
(51.1)
12.5
(54.5)
12.7
(54.9)
10.5
(50.9)
6.0
(42.8)
0.7
(33.3)
−2.7
(27.1)
4.4
(40.0)
Mean monthlysunshine hours68.290.4130.2153189.1201223.2201.5174139.578621,710.1
Mean dailysunshine hours2.23.24.25.16.16.77.26.55.84.52.624.7
Source 1:Deutscher Wetterdienst[31]
Source 2:NOAA(mean monthly max/min-Dew Point)[32]
  1. ^afternnon humidity measured at 14:00 local time

Demography

[edit]

History

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
186927,858—    
188033,241+19.3%
189038,081+14.6%
190048,945+28.5%
191056,423+15.3%
192360,026+6.4%
193469,447+15.7%
193977,170+11.1%
1951102,927+33.4%
1961108,114+5.0%
1971129,919+20.2%
1981139,426+7.3%
1991143,978+3.3%
2001142,662−0.9%
2011145,270+1.8%
2021154,604+6.4%
Source: Statistik Austria[33]

Salzburg's official population significantly increased in 1935 when the city absorbed adjacentmunicipalities. AfterWorld War II, numerousrefugees found a new home in the city. New residential space was constructed for American soldiers of the postwar occupation and could be used forrefugees when they left. Around 1950, Salzburg passed the mark of 100,000 citizens, and in 2016, it reached the mark of 150,000 citizens.

Migrant communities

[edit]

Salzburg is home to large German, Bosnian, Serbian, and Romanian communities.

Largest groups of immigrants by 1 January 2021:

 Germany7,816
 Bosnia and Herzegovina5,189
 Serbia4,805
 Romania2,914
 Croatia2,521
 Turkey2,457
 Syria1,947
 Afghanistan1,686
 Hungary1,595
 Italy1,197

Architecture

[edit]
View fromMönchsberg (left to right),Kollegienkirche (right behindSalzburger Dom),Franziskanerkirche,St Peter's Abbey, Salzburg and, in the background,Hohensalzburg Fortress
View from Hohensalzburg Fortress

Romanesque and Gothic

[edit]

TheRomanesque andGothicchurches, themonasteries and the early carcass houses dominated themedieval city for a long time. The Cathedral ofArchbishopConrad of Wittelsbach was the largestbasilica north of theAlps. The choir of theFranciscan Church, construction was begun byHans von Burghausen and completed byStephan Krumenauer, is one of the most prestigious religious gothic constructions of southern Germany. At the end of the Gothic eraNonnberg Abbey, the Margaret Chapel inSt Peter's Abbey, St George's Chapel, and the stately halls of the "Hoher Stock" inHohensalzburg Fortress were constructed.

Renaissance and baroque

[edit]

Inspired byVincenzo Scamozzi, Prince-ArchbishopWolf Dietrich von Raitenau began to transform the medieval town to the architectural ideals of the lateRenaissance. Plans for a massive cathedral by Scamozzi failed to materialize upon the fall of the archbishop. A second cathedral planned bySantino Solari rose as the first earlyBaroque church in Salzburg. It served as an example for many other churches in SouthernGermany andAustria.Markus Sittikus andParis von Lodron continued to rebuild the city with major projects such asHellbrunn Palace, the prince archbishop's residence, the university buildings, fortifications, and many other buildings. Giovanni Antonio Daria managed by order of Prince Archbishop Guido von Thun the construction of the residential well. GiovanniGaspare Zuccalli, by order of the same archbishop, created the Erhard and the Kajetan church in the south of the town. The city's redesign was completed with buildings designed byJohann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, donated by Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst von Thun.

After the era of Ernst von Thun, the city's expansion came to a halt, which is the reason why there are no churches built in theRococo style.Sigismund von Schrattenbach continued with the construction of "Sigmundstor" and the statue of holy Maria on the cathedral square. With the fall and division of the former "Fürsterzbistum Salzburg" (Archbishopric) toUpper Austria,Bavaria (Rupertigau) andTyrol (Zillertal Matrei) began a long period of urban stagnancy. This era didn't end before the period of promoterism (Gründerzeit) brought new life into urban development. The builder dynastyJakob Ceconi andCarl Freiherr von Schwarz filled major positions in shaping the city in this era.[34]

Classical modernism and post-war modernism

[edit]

Buildings of classicalmodernism and in particular, post-war modernism is frequently encountered in Salzburg. Examples are the Zahnwurzen house (a house in the Linzergasse 22 in the right center of the old town), the "Lepi" (public baths inLeopoldskron) (built 1964), and the original 1957 constructed congress-center of Salzburg, which was replaced by a new building in 2001. An important and famous example of the architecture of this era is the 1960 opening of theGroßes Festspielhaus byClemens Holzmeister.

Contemporary architecture

[edit]

Addingcontemporary architecture to Salzburg's old town without risking its UNESCO World Heritage status is problematic. Nevertheless, some new structures have been added: theMozarteum at the BaroqueMirabell Garden (Architecture Robert Rechenauer),[35] the 2001 Congress House (Architecture: Freemasons), the 2011 Unipark Nonntal (Architecture: Storch Ehlers Partners), the 2001 "Makartsteg" bridge (Architecture: HALLE1), and the "Residential and Studio House" of the architectsChristine andHorst Lechner in the middle of Salzburg's old town (winner of thearchitecture award of Salzburg 2010).[36][37] Other examples of contemporary architecture lie outside the old town: the Faculty of Science building (Universität Salzburg – ArchitectureWillhelm Holzbauer) built on the edge of free green space, theblob architecture of Red BullHangar-7 (Architecture: Volkmar Burgstaller[38]) at Salzburg Airport, home toDietrich Mateschitz's Flying Bulls and the Europark Shopping Centre. (Architecture:Massimiliano Fuksas)

Districts

[edit]
Districts of Salzburg

Salzburg has twenty-four urban districts and three extra-urban populations.Urban districts (Stadtteile):

  • Aigen
  • Altstadt
  • Elisabeth-Vorstadt
  • Gneis
  • Gneis-Süd
  • Gnigl
  • Itzling
  • Itzling-Nord
  • Kasern
  • Langwied
  • Lehen
  • Leopoldskron-Moos
  • Liefering
  • Maxglan
  • Maxglan-West
  • Morzg
  • Mülln
  • Neustadt
  • Nonntal
  • Parsch
  • Riedenburg
  • Salzburg-Süd
  • Taxham
  • Schallmoos

Extra-urban populations (Landschaftsräume):

Main sights

[edit]
Salzburg Cathedral
Gardens inMirabell Palace, withHohensalzburg Fortress in the distance
View of shoppers onGetreidegasse, which is one of the oldest streets in Salzburg
The Red BullHangar-7
Christmas market in the Residenzplatz, December 2024

Salzburg is atourist favorite, with the number of visitors outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include:

Old Town

Outside the Old Town

Greater Salzburg area

  • Anif Castle, located south of the city inAnif
  • Shrine of Our Lady of Maria Plain, a late Baroque church on the northern edge of Salzburg
  • Salzburger Freilichtmuseum Großgmain, an open-air museum containing old farmhouses from all over the state assembled in a historic setting
  • Schloss Klessheim, a palace and casino, formerly used byAdolf Hitler
  • Berghof, Hitler's mountain retreat nearBerchtesgaden
  • Kehlsteinhaus, the only remnant of Hitler's Berghof
  • Salzkammergut, an area of lakes east of the city
  • Untersberg mountain, next to the city on theAustria–Germany border, with panoramic views of Salzburg and the surrounding Alps
  • Skiing is an attraction during winter. Salzburg has no skiing facilities, but it is a gateway to skiing areas to the south. During the winter, its airport receivescharter flights from around Europe.
  • Salzburg Zoo, located south of the city inAnif

Education

[edit]

Salzburg is a center of education and home to three universities, as well as several professional colleges andgymnasiums (high schools).

Universities and higher education institutions

[edit]

Notable citizens

[edit]
Mozart was born in Salzburg.
plaque ofChristian Doppler, ca 1845
Herbert von Karajan statue in Salzburg

Events

[edit]

Transport

[edit]
Salzburg Airport
Map of theSalzburg trolleybus system

Salzburg Hauptbahnhof is served by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east–west trains servingVienna,Munich,Innsbruck, andZürich, including daily high-speedICE services. North–south rail connections also serve popular destinations such asVenice andPrague. The city acts as a hub for southbound trains through the Alps intoItaly.

Salzburg Airport has scheduled flights to European cities such asFrankfurt,Vienna,London,Rotterdam,Amsterdam,Brussels,Düsseldorf, andZürich, as well asHamburg,Edinburgh andDublin. In addition to these, there are numerous charter flights.

In the main city, there is theSalzburg trolleybus system and bus system with a total of more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg has anS-Bahn system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11), trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes, and they are part of theÖBB network. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world-famous Silent Night chapel inOberndorf in about 25 minutes.

Popular culture

[edit]

In the 1960s,The Sound of Music, based on the true story ofMaria von Trapp, who took up with an aristocratic family and fled the GermanAnschluss, used locations in Salzburg andSalzburg State asfilming location.

The city briefly appears on the map when Indiana Jones travels through the city in the 1989 filmIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

Salzburg is the setting for the Austrian crime seriesStockinger and an Austrian-German television crime drama seriesDer Pass.

In the 2010 filmKnight & Day, Salzburg serves as the backdrop for a large portion of the film.

Language

[edit]

Austrian German is widely written and differs from Germany's standard variation only in some vocabulary and a few grammar points. Salzburg belongs to the region ofAustro-Bavarian dialects, in particularCentral Bavarian.[50] It is widely spoken by young and old alike although professors of linguistics from the Universität Salzburg, Irmgard Kaiser, and Hannes Scheutz, have seen over the past few years a reduction in the number of dialect speakers in the city.[51][52] Although more and more school children are speaking standard German, Scheutz feels it has less to do with parental influence and more to do with media consumption.[53]

Sports

[edit]

Football

[edit]
Stadion Wals-Siezenheim

The former SV Austria Salzburg reached theUEFA Cup final in1994. On 6 April 2005Red Bull bought the club and changed its name toFC Red Bull Salzburg. The home stadium of Red Bull Salzburg is theWals Siezenheim Stadium in a suburb in the agglomeration of Salzburg and was one of the venues for the2008 European Football Championship. FC Red Bull Salzburg plays in theAustrian Bundesliga.

After Red Bull had bought the SV Austria Salzburg and changed its name and team colors, some supporters of the club decided to leave and form a new club with the old name and old colors, wanting to preserve the traditions of their club. The reformedSV Austria Salzburg was founded in 2005 and at one point played in theErste Liga, only one tier below the Bundesliga. However, in recent years they have struggled to climb back up to the Austrian second tier and since 2019 they compete in theRegionalliga Salzburg in the Austrian Football third tier.

Ice-hockey

[edit]

Red Bull also sponsors the localice hockey team, theEC Salzburg Red Bulls. The team plays in theErste Bank Eishockey Liga, an Austria-headquartered cross-border league featuring the best teams from Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, and Italy, as well as one Czech team.

Other sports

[edit]

Salzburg was a candidate city for the2010 and2014 Winter Olympics, but lost toVancouver andSochi respectively.

International relations

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria

Twin towns—sister cities

[edit]

Salzburg is twinned with:[54]

Gallery

[edit]
  • Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9
    Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9
  • View from Mirabellgarten at night
    View from Mirabellgarten at night
  • The famous fountain in Mirabell Gardens (seen in the "Do-Re-Mi" song from The Sound of Music)
    The famous fountain in Mirabell Gardens (seen in the "Do-Re-Mi" song fromThe Sound of Music)
  • The Sunset at the Staatsbrücke
    The Sunset at the Staatsbrücke
  • Sigmund Haffner Gasse – Rathaus
    Sigmund Haffner Gasse – Rathaus
  • Residential and studio house Lechner in the old town
    Residential and studio house Lechner in the old town
  • The Salzburg basin
    The Salzburg basin
  • The fortress (background), Salzburg Cathedral (middle), and the Salzach (foreground)
    The fortress (background), Salzburg Cathedral (middle), and the Salzach (foreground)
  • ÖBB rail connection to Salzburg in Innsbruck
    ÖBB rail connection to Salzburg in Innsbruck
  • Mozart monument
    Mozart monument
  • Fountain in the Residenzplatz
  • Palace of Mirabell
  • View of the old town and fortress, seen from Kapuzinerberg
    View of the old town andfortress, seen fromKapuzinerberg
  • Salzburg at night
    Salzburg at night
A view of the city center of Salzburg withcirrus clouds in the sky
A night time long exposure of Salzburg
Salzburg old town with a typical narrow alleyway
Salzburg Altstadt panorama
Salzburg panorama as seen from Hohensalzburg fortress

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^English:/ˈsɔːltsbɜːrɡ/SAWLTS-burg,alsoUK:/ˈsælts-/SALTS-,US:/ˈsɔːlz-,ˈsɑːlz-,ˈsælz-/SAWLZ-,SA(H)LZ-;[3][4][5][6]Austrian German:[ˈsaltsbʊrɡ],elsewhere[ˈzaltsbʊʁk].
  2. ^Spelled "Salzpurch" in the earliestvita ofSaint Boniface

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved10 March 2019.
  2. ^"Salzburg in Zahlen". Archived fromthe original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved23 June 2020.
  3. ^"Salzburg".Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived fromthe original on 8 January 2020.
  4. ^"Salzburg".Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins.Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved29 May 2019.
  5. ^"Salzburg".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved29 May 2019.
  6. ^"Salzburg".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved29 May 2019.
  7. ^"Österreich – Größte Städte 2019".Statista (in German).Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved1 December 2019.
  8. ^"Historisches Zentrum der Stadt Salzburg".Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved10 July 2021.
  9. ^Hörburger, Franz (1982). Reiffenstein, Ingo; Ziller, Leopold (eds.).Salzburger Ortsnamenbuch [Toponyms of Salzburg] (in German) (Ingo ed.). Salzburg: Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde. pp. 32, 55.
  10. ^Delehaye, Hippolyte (1911)."Rupert, St" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). p. 856.
  11. ^"St. Erentrude, Virgin, of Austria". Englewood, New Jersey: Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. Archived fromthe original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved19 August 2023.
  12. ^"Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Austria". Norway:Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo.Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved19 August 2023.
  13. ^Euler, Bernd; Gobiet, Ronald; Huber, Horst R.; Juffinger, Roswitha (1986).Dehio Salzburg. Stadt und Land. Vienna: Verlag Anton Schroll & Co. p. 516.
  14. ^Ingo Reiffenstein (1990)."Der Name Salzburgs Entstehung und Frühgeschichte"(PDF). Retrieved17 April 2023.
  15. ^"Salzburg Museum: Fortress Museum: Hohensalzburg Fortress". Retrieved17 April 2023.
  16. ^abde Fabianis 2013, p. 167.
  17. ^Heinz Dopsch; Hans Spatzenegger (1984).Geschichte Salzburgs (in German). Vol. I/1. Salzburg: Universitäts-Verlag Pustet. pp. 437–462.ISBN 3-7025-0197-5.
  18. ^Euler et al. 1986, pp. 516f.
  19. ^Peter Kramml; et al. (2002).Stadt Salzburg, Geschichte in Bildern und Dokumenten. Salzburg: Municipality of Salzburg. pp. 12–14.ISBN 3-901014-76-4.
  20. ^Visit Salzburg,Salzburg's History: Coming a long WayArchived 11 November 2022 at theWayback Machine.
  21. ^Frank L. Perry Jr.,Catholics Cleanse Salzburg of ProtestantsArchived 4 March 2016 at theWayback Machine, The Georgia Salzburger Society.
  22. ^Times Atlas of European History, 3rd ed., 2002
  23. ^de Fabianis, Valeria, ed. (2013).Castles of the World. Metro Books. p. 168.ISBN 978-1-4351-4845-1.
  24. ^"AEIOU Österreich-Lexikon – Konzentrationslager, KZ". Austria-Forum.org. Retrieved24 June 2013.
  25. ^Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009).The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 538–539.ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
  26. ^E.B. (26 September 2017)."The Salzburg Festival is a boon to the local economy".The Economist.
  27. ^"Klimamittelwerte 1991–2020" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived fromthe original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved5 June 2023.
  28. ^"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Niederschlag" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived fromthe original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved29 October 2019.
  29. ^"Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000–Salzburg-Flughafen" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived fromthe original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved5 June 2023.
  30. ^"Station Salzburg" (in French). Météo Climat.Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved29 October 2019.
  31. ^"Klimatafel von Salzburg (Flugh.), Salzburg / Österreich"(PDF).dwd (PDF file) (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. p. 1. Retrieved16 February 2024.
  32. ^"Salzburg Climate Normals for 1961-1990".ncei.noaa.gov (TXT). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved16 February 2024.WMO Station Number: 11150
  33. ^"Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA". Statistics Austria.Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved2 August 2024.
  34. ^"Architecture : Salzburg Sights by Period". Visit-salzburg.net. Retrieved12 March 2013.
  35. ^[1]Archived 6 May 2012 at theWayback Machine
  36. ^"Preisträger Salzburg". Archived fromthe original on 30 June 2013.
  37. ^"flow – der VERBUND Blog". Verbund.com. 15 October 2012. Archived fromthe original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved12 March 2013.
  38. ^"Red Bull's Hangar-7 at Salzburg Airport". Visit Salzburg. Retrieved12 March 2013.
  39. ^"fh-salzburg". Retrieved13 August 2018.
  40. ^"Paracelsus" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911.
  41. ^"Biber, Heinrich Johann Franz von" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 849.
  42. ^Otten, Joseph (1910)."Johann Michael Haydn" .Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7.
  43. ^Rockstro, W. S.;Tovey, Donald (1911)."Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 949–953.
  44. ^Völker, J. A. (1907)."Ignaz Assmayer" .Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2.
  45. ^"Joseph Mohr (1792–1848) Priest and author of Silent Night".stillenacht.com. Retrieved20 June 2024.
  46. ^"Otto" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911.
  47. ^"Makart, Hans" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 451–452.
  48. ^"Fischer, Ludwig Hans" .The New International Encyclopedia. Vol. VII. 1905.
  49. ^"Theodor Herzl (1860–1904)".Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived fromthe original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved8 August 2009.He received a doctorate in law in 1884 and worked for a short while in courts in Vienna and Salzburg.
  50. ^Klaaß, Daniel (2009).Untersuchungen zu ausgewählten Aspekten des Konsonantismus bei österreichischen Nachrichtensprechern. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 38.ISBN 9783631585399. Retrieved27 June 2020.
  51. ^Reitmeier, Simone."Salzburg Mundart: Stirbt der Dialekt in naher Zukunft aus?".weekend.at. Weekend Online GmbH. Archived fromthe original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved26 June 2020.
  52. ^Winkler, Jacqueline (18 June 2020)."Dialekte in ihrer heutigen Form sterben aus".salzburg24. Salzburg Digital GmbH.Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved26 June 2020.
  53. ^Pumhösel, Alois."Germanist: 'Kinder vor Dialekt bewahren zu wollen ist absurd'".Der Standard. Vienna.Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved26 June 2020.
  54. ^"Salzburger Städtepartnerschaften" (in German). Stadt Salzburg. Archived fromthe original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved29 May 2015.
  55. ^"Dresden — Partner Cities". Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Archived fromthe original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved29 December 2008.

Bibliography

[edit]
See also:Bibliography of the history of Salzburg

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSalzburg (Stadt).
Salzburg (state) Cities and districts (Bezirke) ofSalzburg State
Cities
Map indicating the districts of Salzburg State
Districts
Administrative seats ofAustrianprovinces
Coat of arms of Austria
Flag of Austria
Capitals of European states and territories
Sovereign states
States with
limited recognition
Dependencies
United Kingdom
Constituent countries
Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories
Other
Federal states
Austria
Belgium
Communities
  • Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
  • Eupen, German-speaking Community
Regions
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Germany
Russia
Republics
Autonomous okrugs
Krais
Oblasts
Federal cities
Switzerland
Autonomous
entities
Italy
Autonomous regions
Portugal
Autonomous regions
Spain
Other
Flag of Austria
Flag of Austria
International
National
Geographic
Other
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salzburg&oldid=1280920504"
Categories:
Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp