Sally Kristen Ride (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an Americanastronaut andphysicist. Born inLos Angeles, she joinedNASA in 1978, and in 1983 became the first American woman and the third woman to fly inspace, aftercosmonautsValentina Tereshkova in 1963 andSvetlana Savitskaya in 1982. She was the youngest American astronaut to have flown in space, having done so at the age of 32.
Ride was a graduate ofStanford University, where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature in 1973, a Master of Science degree in 1975, and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1978 (both in physics) for research on the interaction ofX-rays with the interstellar medium. She was selected as amission specialist astronaut withNASA Astronaut Group 8, the first class of NASA astronauts to include women. After completing her training in 1979, she served as the ground-basedcapsule communicator (CapCom) for the second and thirdSpace Shuttle flights, and helped develop the Space Shuttle'srobotic arm. In June 1983, she flew in space on theSpace ShuttleChallenger on theSTS-7 mission. The mission deployed two communications satellites and the firstShuttle pallet satellite (SPAS-1). Ride operated the robotic arm to deploy and retrieve SPAS-1. Her second space flight was theSTS-41-G mission in 1984, also on boardChallenger. She spent a total of more than 343 hours in space. She left NASA in 1987.
Ride grew up in theVan Nuys and Encino neighborhoods of Los Angeles. In 1960, when she was nine years old, the family spent a year traveling in Europe. In Spain, Ride played tennis for the first time.[3]: 12–15 She enjoyed sports, tennis most of all, and at age 10 was coached byAlice Marble, a former world number one player.[6] By 1963 Ride was ranked number 20 in Southern California for girls aged 12 and under.[3]: 22 She attended Encino Elementary School, Portola Junior High (nowPortola Middle School),Birmingham High School and then, as asophomore on a tennis scholarship,Westlake School for Girls, an exclusive all-girls private school in Los Angeles.[5][3]: 19–22 Elizabeth Mommaerts, who taught human physiology, became a mentor. Ride resolved to become anastrophysicist.[7] She graduated in June 1968, and then took a class in advanced math at Santa Monica College during the summer break.[3]: 30–31
Her friend Sue Okie was interested in going toSwarthmore College in Pennsylvania, so Ride applied too. She was interviewed byFred Hargadon, the dean of admissions, who was impressed by both her mental and her tennis ability. She was admitted on a full scholarship.[3]: 28–29 She commenced classes at Swarthmore on September 18, 1968. She played golf, and made Swarthmore'sfield hockeyvarsity team. She won all six of her intercollegiate tennis matches, and became the Eastern Intercollegiate Women's Singles champion. She defended her title in May 1969, winning instraight sets. However, Ride was homesick for California, and, beforeTitle IX, women's tennis was not well-supported at the college level; Swarthmore had four tennis courts but no indoor courts and she could not practice when it snowed. After three semesters at Swarthmore, she returned to California in January 1970, with the aim of becoming a professional tennis player.[3]: 32–38
Ride entered the University of California, Los Angeles, where she enrolled in courses inShakespeare andquantum mechanics, earning A's in both subjects. She was the only woman majoring in physics. She was romantically involved with theteaching assistant, John Tompkins, but the relationship ended in September when he went to Moscow to conduct research at theInstitute for High Energy Physics. Her foray into professional tennis was unsuccessful; after playing three matches in a single August morning her whole body ached the following day. She realized that far more effort would be necessary in order to reach the required level of fitness: she needed to practice for eight hours a day. She concluded that she did not have what it took to be a professional tennis player.[3]: 40–42
Ride applied for a transfer toStanford University as ajunior. The tennis coach was eager to have her on the team, and by coincidence, Fred Hargadon was now the dean of admissions there. He was once again instrumental in approving her admission. She graduated in 1973 with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature.[3]: 44–45 She then earned a Master of Science degree in physics in 1975 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1978.[2] Astrophysics andfree-electron lasers were her areas of study.[8] She wrote her doctoral dissertation on "the interaction ofX-rays with theinterstellar medium",[9] under the supervision ofArthur B. C. Walker Jr.[10]
At Stanford, Ride renewed her acquaintance with Molly Tyson, who was a year younger than her. The two had met on the tennis circuit as junior tennis players. Although Ride was rated number one at Stanford and Tyson was number six, the two playeddoubles together. Ride later quit the Stanford tennis team in protest against the university's refusal to join thePac-8 Conference in women's tennis.[3]: 45–49 To earn money Ride and her then-girlfriend Tyson gave tennis lessons, and in 1971 and 1972 they were counselors atDennis Van der Meer's TennisAmericasummer camp atLake Tahoe, Nevada. In August 1972, Ride played in a doubles match with Van der Meer againstBillie Jean King, theworld number 1 ranked female tennis player, and Dick Peters, the camp director;Martin Luther King III andDexter King served asball boys. Billie Jean King became a mentor and a friend. Ride watched her win theBattle of the Sexes match againstBobby Riggs in 1973. Tyson ended their relationship in 1975, and Ride moved in with Bill Colson, a fellow graduate physics student who was recently divorced.[3]: 54–60
In January 1977, Ride spotted an article on the front page ofThe Stanford Daily that told how theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was recruiting a new group ofastronauts for theSpace Shuttle program and wanted to recruit women. No women had previously been NASA astronauts, although theSoviet Union'scosmonautValentina Tereshkova had flown in space in 1963. Ride mailed a request for, and received the application forms. When asked for three persons with knowledge of her qualifications, she gave the names of three of her peers from college with whom she had been in relationships: Colson, Tompkins and Tyson.[11][3]: 78–82
Ride's was one of 8,079 applications NASA received by the June 30, 1977, deadline. She then became one of 208 finalists.[12] She was the only woman among the twenty applicants in the sixth group, all applicants formission specialist positions, who reported to NASA'sJohnson Space Center (JSC) inHouston, Texas, on October 3, for a week of interviews and medical examinations.[13] Her physical fitness impressed the doctors. They placed her in aPersonal Rescue Enclosure, a ball 36 inches (91 cm) in diameter, to see if she suffered fromclaustrophobia. She was asked to write a one-page essay on why she wanted to become an astronaut. Finally, she was interviewed by the selection committee.[3]: 85–89 On January 16, 1978, she received a phone call fromGeorge Abbey, NASA's director of flight operations, who informed her that she had been selected as part ofNASA Astronaut Group 8. She was one of 35 astronaut candidates in the group, of whom six were women.[12]
Group 8's name for itself was "TFNG". The abbreviation was deliberately ambiguous; for public purposes, it stood for "Thirty-Five New Guys", but within the group itself, it was known to stand for the military phrase, "the fucking new guy", used to denote newcomers to amilitary unit.[14]: 63 Officially, they wereastronaut candidates; they would not become fully-fledged astronauts until they had completed their training. Ride was graded acivil service GS-12, with a salary of US$21,883 (equivalent to $105,496 in 2024). She bought ahousing unit in theNassau Bay, Texas, area, and moved in with Colson, who secured a research grant atRice University so they could move to Houston together. He became the only unmarried astronaut candidate's partner.[3]: 95–101 Ride and Colson split up in January 1979, and she briefly dated fellow astronaut candidateRobert "Hoot" Gibson.[3]: 118–120
Astronaut candidate training included learning to fly NASA'sT-38 Talon jet aircraft. Officially, mission specialists did not have to qualify as pilots, only ride in the back seat and handle an emergency if the pilot became incapacitated. They were never to control the aircraft below 5,000 feet (1,500 m), but many of the astronaut pilots and pilot candidates, eager to share their love of flying, ignored the rules, and let the more proficient mission specialist candidates fly the jets lower.John Fabian even had her fly "under the hood", with the windows blacked out and using instruments only. Ride enjoyed flying so much she took private flying lessons to earn aprivate pilot's license. She bought a part interest in aGrumman Tiger aircraft, which she would fly on weekends.[3]: 95–101 On August 31, 1979, NASA announced that the 35 astronaut candidates had completed their training and evaluation, and were now officially astronauts, qualified for selection on space flight crews.[15]
In 1981, Ride began datingSteven Hawley, another one of the TFNGs. They moved in together, and considered themselves engaged. Unlike Colson, he was not aware of her earlier relationship with Tyson.[3]: 121 They were married on July 26, 1982, in the backyard of Hawley's parents' house inSalina, Kansas. Ride flew up from Houston for the occasion in her Grumman Tiger, and wore white jeans. The ceremony was jointly conducted by Hawley's father Bernard, the pastor at the local Presbyterian church, and Ride's sister Bear. It was deliberately kept low-key, with only parents and siblings in attendance. They became the third NASA astronaut couple, afterRhea Seddon and Hoot Gibson, who had married a few months before, andAnna Fisher and her husbandBill Fisher, who became an astronaut couple when the latter was selected withNASA Astronaut Group 9 in 1980. Ride did nottake her husband's name.[3]: 138–142
Communicating with ground controllers from the flight deck during theSTS-7 mission
Ride served as a ground-basedcapsule communicator (CapCom) for thesecond andthird Space Shuttle flights, and helped develop the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS), also known as the "Canadarm" or robot arm.[16][17] She was the first woman to serve as a CapCom.[18] By early 1982, George Abbey and theChief of the Astronaut Office,John Young, wanted to begin scheduling missions with the TFNGs, starting with theseventh Space Shuttle mission. To command it, they choseRobert Crippen, who had flown with Young on thefirst Space Shuttle mission. They wanted a woman to fly on the mission, and since the mission involved the use of the RMS, the choice narrowed to Ride,Judy Resnik and Anna Fisher, who had specialized on it. Factors in Ride's favor included her agreeable personality and ability to work with others, her performance as CapCom, and her skill with the robot arm. However, JSC directorChris Kraft preferred Fisher, and Abbey had to defend their decision. NASA Headquarters ultimately approved Ride's selection,[3]: 126–130 [19]: 290–293 which was officially announced in April 1982.[20]
As the first American woman to fly in space, Ride was subjected to media attention. There were over five hundred requests for private interviews, all of which were declined. Instead, NASA hosted the usual pre-launch press conference on May 24, 1983.[3]: 131, 147 Ride was asked questions such as, "Will the flight affect your reproductive organs?" and "Do you weep when things go wrong on the job?" She insisted that she saw herself in only one way—as an astronaut.[16] NASA was still adjusting to female astronauts, and engineers had asked Ride to assist them in developing a "space makeup kit", assuming it would be something a woman would want on board. They also infamously suggested providing Ride with a supply of 100tampons for the six-day mission.[21][22]: 176–177
When theSpace ShuttleChallenger lifted off from theKennedy Space Center (KSC) on June 18, 1983, Ride became the first American woman to fly in space, and the third woman overall.[5] She also became the youngest American astronaut in space, although there had been younger Soviet cosmonauts.[23] Many of the people attending the launch wore T-shirts bearing the words "Ride, Sally Ride", lyrics fromWilson Pickett's song "Mustang Sally".[5] The purpose of the mission was to deploy twocommunications satellites:Anik C2 forTelesat of Canada andPalapa B1 for Indonesia. Both were deployed during the first two days of the mission.[24]
The mission also carried the firstShuttle pallet satellite (SPAS-1), which carried ten experiments to study formation of metalalloys inmicrogravity. Part of Ride's job was to operate the robot arm to deploy and later retrieve SPAS-1, which was brought back to Earth. The orbiter's smallReaction control system rockets were fired while SPAS-1 was held by the remote manipulator system to test the movement on an extended arm.[25] STS-7 was also the first occasion on which the Space Shuttle in orbit was photographed, using the camera on SPAS-1. Ride manipulated the robot arm into the shape of a "7", as it appeared on the mission patch.[26] The mission also studiedSpace adaptation syndrome, a bout ofnausea frequently experienced by astronauts during the early phase of a space flight.[25][2] Ride was not affected and did not require medication for the syndrome.[3]: 180 Bad weather forcedChallenger to land atEdwards Air Force Base in California instead of theShuttle Landing Facility at the KSC.[3]: 165 The mission lasted 6 days, 2 hours, 23 minutes and 59 seconds.[24]
Now a celebrity, Ride, along with her STS-7 crewmates, spent the next few months after her flight on tour. She met with theGovernor of California,George Deukmejian, and theMayor of New York,Ed Koch. She testified before the Congressional Space Caucus on the efficacy of the robot arm, and addressed theNational Press Club, but declined to appear withBob Hope, whom she regarded as sexist. The crew presented PresidentRonald Reagan withjelly beans that had been flown on the flight.[3]: 171–177 In September 1983, on her own initiative, she met withSvetlana Savitskaya, the second woman to fly in space, inBudapest. The two formed an instant camaraderie, and were able to converse for six hours thanks to Savitskaya's command of English. Savitskaya gave Ride Russian dolls, books and a scarf, and Ride gave Savitskaya an STS-7 charm that had flown on the mission and a TFNG shirt. They signed autographs for each other on Russianfirst day covers.[3]: 179–183
While she was still engaged on the publicity tour, Abbey assigned Ride to the crew ofSTS-41-G. This was on Crippen's request; he had been assigned to another mission,STS-41-C, that would fly beforehand as part of a test to see how quickly crews could be turned around, and wanted Ride as his flight engineer again so that she could sit in for him during crew training for STS-41-G in the meantime. During mission simulations, she sat in the commander's left hand seat. Ride became the first American woman to fly twice, and her TFNG crewmateKathryn Sullivan became the first American woman to perform anextravehicular activity (EVA); Savitskaya had been the first woman to do both onSoyuz T-12 in July 1984. It was the first time that two women were in space together.[3]: 188–191 [27]
The mission lifted off from the KSC inChallenger on October 5, 1984. The rookie astronauts on the flight were cautious about moving about too soon, lest they suffer from space adaptation syndrome, but Ride was now a veteran astronaut, one who knew that she would not be affected. Once in orbit she immediately and gracefully began moving about. The crew deployed the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, conducted scientific observations of the Earth with the OSTA-3 pallet (including the SIR-B radar, FILE, and MAPS experiments) and large format camera (LFC), conducted numerous in-cabin experiments, and activated eightGetaway Special canisters containing experiments devised by outside groups.[27]
When the SIR-B antenna failed to unfold correctly, Ride used the robot arm to shake it loose, manipulating the robot arm much faster than she had been trained to. She also repaired a broken antenna on the middeck. During the second day of the mission, the SIR-B antenna had to be stowed soChallenger's orbit could be altered, but its latches failed to clamp and close the antenna, so Ride used the RMS to nudge the antenna panel closed. Sullivan performed an EVA with fellow TFNG mission specialistDavid Leestma, in which they showed that asatellite could be refueled in orbit. On this missionChallenger completed 132 orbits of the Earth in 197.5 hours, landing back at the KSC on October 13, 1984.[27][28][3]: 188–191 During the mission, Ride carried a white silk scarf that had been worn byAmelia Earhart.[3]: 198 On her two flights Ride had spent over 343 hours in space.[29]
Ride was soon back in the rotation, training for her third flight, STS-61-I. This mission was scheduled to be flown no later than July 15, 1986, and was to deploy theIntelsat VI-1 andINSAT 1-C communications satellites and carry the Materials Science Lab-4.[30] The crew was subsequently switched toSTS-61-M, aTracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS) deployment mission scheduled to be flown in July 1986.[31][32] She also served on two more missions as CapCom. On January 7, 1986, Ride provided a glowing reference for her friend, and eventual biographer,Lynn Sherr for NASA'sJournalist in Space Project. Sherr became one of the finalists.[3]: 200–201 During 1985, Ride began an affair withTam O'Shaughnessy. The two knew each other from the junior tennis circuit, and from when Ride was at Stanford. O'Shaughnessy was now living in Atlanta, and had recently broken up with her female partner. Ride visited when she went to Atlanta on speaking engagements.[3]: 192–195 Hawley was aware that his marriage was in trouble, but not that O'Shaughnessy was more than a friend. Ride still performed her astronaut spouse duties for Hawley when he flew in space for the second time onSTS-61-C in January 1986:[3]: 199 astronauts and their spouses were quarantined for a few days before launch, and they stayed at theastronaut beach house at the KSC. Spouses were expected to attend events before and after launches, including the post-mission publicity tour.[33]: 157–166 This could be agonizing for a couple whose marriage was breaking up.[3]: 199
Rogers Commission
STS-61-M was cancelled after theSpace ShuttleChallenger disaster later that month.[31] Ride was appointed to theRogers Commission, thepresidential commission investigating the disaster, and headed its subcommittee on operations. She was the only Space Shuttle astronaut and the only current NASA employee on the commission. After her death in 2012,Major GeneralDonald J. Kutyna revealed that she had discreetly provided him with key information thatO-rings become stiff at low temperatures; this was eventually identified as the cause of theChallenger explosion. To protect her as source, this information was fed to physicistRichard Feynman, who was credited for discovering and making public the O-ring problem. Ride was very disturbed by revelations of NASA dysfunctional management decision-making and risk-assessment processes such as those which did not detect the O-ring problem.[3]: 204–213 [34][35] According toRoger Boisjoly, who was one of the engineers who warned of the technical problems that led to theChallenger disaster, leading to the entire workforce of O-ring supplierMorton-Thiokol shunning him, Ride was the only public figure to show support for him when he went public with his pre-disaster warnings. Ride hugged him publicly to show her support for his efforts.[36] The Rogers Commission submitted its report on June 6, 1986.[35]
Following theChallenger investigation, Ride was assigned to NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., where she led NASA's firststrategic planning effort. She authored a report titled "NASA Leadership and America's Future in Space". NASA management was unhappy with its prioritization of Earth exploration over a mission to Mars. She founded NASA's Office of Exploration, which she headed for two months. On weekends she flew to Atlanta to be with O'Shaughnessy. In October 1986, she published a children's book,To Space and Back, which she co-wrote with Sue Okie, her high school and Swarthmore friend.[2][3]: 221–228
In May 1987, Ride announced that she was leaving NASA to take up a two-year fellowship at the Stanford UniversityCenter for International Security and Arms Control (CISAC), commencing on August 15, 1987.[37] She divorced Hawley in June.[38] At Stanford, her colleagues includedCondoleezza Rice, a specialist on the Soviet Union. Ride researched means by whichnuclear warheads could be counted and verified from space, but the impending end of theCold War made this much less pressing. As the end of her fellowship approached, Ride hoped to secure a permanent position at Stanford.Sidney Drell, who had recruited her, attempted to get a department to appoint her as a professor, but none would. Drell resigned from CISAC in protest.[3]: 231–234
On July 1, 1989, Ride became a professor of physics at theUniversity of California, San Diego (UCSD), and director of the California Space Institute (Cal Space), part of the university'sScripps Institution of Oceanography. She was paid a professor's salary of $64,000 (equivalent to $162,000 in 2024) plus a $6,000stipend as director of Cal Space, which employed 28 full- and part-time staff and had a budget of $3.3 million (equivalent to $8 million in 2024).[39] Her research primarily involved the study ofnonlinear optics andThomson scattering.[40] She remained director of Cal Space until 1996. She retired from UCSD in 2007 and became aprofessor emeritus.[41]
From the mid-1990s until her death, Ride led two public-outreach programs for NASA—theISS EarthKAM andGRAIL MoonKAM projects, in cooperation with NASA'sJet Propulsion Laboratory and UCSD. The programs allowed middle school students to request images of the Earth and the Moon.[42][43] Ride bought a house inLa Jolla, California, and O'Shaughnessy moved in after taking up a teaching position atSan Diego Mesa College.[3]: 237 She turned down offers from PresidentBill Clinton to becomeNASA Administrator, not wanting to leave California, but agreed to serve on thePresident's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). This involved flying to Washington, D.C., every few months for studies and presentations. Due to the experience at CISAC, Clinton appointed her to a PCAST panel chaired byJohn Holdren to assess the risk offissile materials being acquired in the former Soviet Union by terrorists in the chaos following its breakup.[3]: 249–250
Everywhere I go I meet girls and boys who want to be astronauts and explore space, or they love the ocean and want to be oceanographers, or they love animals and want to be zoologists, or they love designing things and want to be engineers. I want to see those same stars in their eyes in 10 years and know they are on their way.
From September 1999 to July 2000, Ride was the president of the space news website,Space.com, a company that aggregated news about science and space on its website.[3]: 257–260 She then became the president and CEO ofSally Ride Science, a company she co-founded with O'Shaughnessy, who served as the chief executive officer and chair of the board.[5][45] Sally Ride Science created entertaining science programs and publications for upper elementary and middle school students, with a particular focus on girls.[46][47] It moved to the University of California, San Diego, in 2015.[48][49] Ride and O'Shaughnessy co-wrote six books on space aimed at children, with the goal of encouraging children to study science.[50][51][52]
Followingcremation, her ashes were interred next to those of her father atWoodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica.[61] Her papers are in theNational Air and Space Museum Archives of theSmithsonian Institution.[31] Ride's obituary publicly revealed for the first time that O'Shaughnessy had been her partner for 27 years,[62][63] making her the first known LGBT astronaut.[64][65][66] The relationship was confirmed by Ride's sister Bear, who said Ride chose to keep her personal life, including her sickness and treatments, private.[67]
Ride directed public outreach and educational programs for NASA'sGravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, which sent twin satellites to map the moon's gravity. On December 17, 2012, the two GRAIL probes, Ebb and Flow, were directed to complete their mission by crashing on an unnamed lunar mountain near thecrater Goldschmidt. NASA announced that it was naming the landing site in her honor.[72][73] Also in December 2012, theSpace Foundation bestowed upon Ride its highest honor, the General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.[74]
A "National Tribute to Sally Ride" was held at theJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., on May 20, 2013, and President Barack Obama announced that Ride would receive thePresidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. The medal was presented to O'Shaughnessy in a ceremony at theWhite House on November 20, 2013.[78][79] In July 2013,Flying magazine ranked Ride at number 50 on their list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".[80] For their first match of March 2019, the women of theUnited States women's national soccer team wore jerseys with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back;Tierna Davidson chose the name of Sally Ride.[81]
Ride was inducted into theLegacy Walk, an outdoor public display in Chicago that celebrates LGBT history and people, in 2014.[82][83] She was honored with aGoogle Doodle on what would have been her 64th birthday in 2015.[44] It was reused onInternational Women's Day in 2017.[84] Stanford University's Serra House located in Lucie Stern Hall was renamed the Sally Ride House in 2019.[85] TheU.S. Postal Service issued a first-class postage stamp honoring her in 2018,[86] and Ride appeared as one of the first two honorees of theAmerican Women quarters series in March 2022, the first known LGBT person to appear on U.S. currency.[87][88]
On 1 April 2022, a satellite named after Ride (ÑuSat 27 or "Sally", COSPAR 2022-033R) was launched into space as part of theSatellogic Aleph-1 constellation.[89]
TheCygnus spacecraft used for theNG-18 mission was named the S.S.Sally Ride in her honor. It launched successfully on November 7, 2022.[90]
AstronautsChris Hadfield andCatherine Coleman performed a song called "Ride On".[93][94] The song was later released as part of Hadfield's albumSpace Sessions: Songs from a Tin Can under the name "Ride That Lightning."[95]
In 2019,Mattel released aBarbie doll in Ride's likeness as part of their "Inspiring Women" series.[98]
On October 21, 2019, the playDr. Ride's American Beach House by playwright Liza Birkenmeier premieredoff-Broadway atArs Nova's Greenwich House Theater in New York City. The play is set the evening before Ride's 1983 space flight, and is about women's desires and American norms of sex and power, lensed with Ride's experience as an astronaut in relation to her sex and identity. The title of the play alludes to NASA'sastronaut beach house where astronauts were quarantined before missions.[99][100]
In the filmValley Girl (2020), Ride is referred to not only as the first woman astronaut, but also as avalley girl, since she was from Encino.[101]
In 2021, Ride was featured in the second season of the Apple TV+ streaming seriesFor All Mankind, where she was played by Ellen Wroe.[102]
On January 28, 2025,National Geographic premiered a documentary calledSally, telling the story of Ride's professional and personal life, primarily through her hidden relationship with Tam O'Shaughnessy.[103] Director Cristina Costantini later said, following presidentDonald Trump's cancelling all diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) programs intended to help overcome prejudice against people who were LGBTQ, female, and also of darker skin color, that "We made this movie not thinking it was particularly controversial; we had no idea it would be this relevant." Constantini also said, referring to Ride's marriage, "People didn't like women in space, and they especially didn't like single women in space".[104]
Selected works
Ride, Sally; Okie, Susan (1989).To Space and Back. New York: HarperTrophy.ISBN0-688-09112-1.
Ride, Sally; O'Shaughnessy, Tam E. (1992).Voyager: An Adventure to the Edge of the Solar System. Sally Ride Science.ISBN0-517-58157-4.
^Grinter, Kay (November 17, 2000)."Kennedy Space Center FAQ".Science, Technology and Engineering. Merritt Island, Florida:NASA.Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. RetrievedJuly 23, 2012.
^Seddon, Rhea (2015).Go For Orbit: One of America's First Women Astronauts Finds Her Space. Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Your Space Press.ISBN978-0-9962178-1-1.OCLC921147949.
^Garcia, Guy D.; Thigpen, David E. (June 8, 1987)."People: June 8, 1987".Time. New York City.Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. RetrievedJuly 27, 2012.
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