By the Roman era, the name had becomeSorbiodūnum; the first part was of unknown origin, although theBrittonic suffix-dūnon meant "fortress". The name first recorded during the Anglo-Saxon era wasSearoburg (dativeSearobyrig), around the end of the 9th century. This was a partialcalque of the Roman name, withburg being theOld English word for "fort".Middle EnglishSarisberie was abbreviated asSar, which in turn gave rise to the latinization "Sarum".[7]
Bishop of SalisburyHubert Walter was instrumental in the negotiations withSaladin during theThird Crusade, but he spent little time in his diocese prior to his elevation toarchbishop of Canterbury.[21] The brothersHerbert andRichard Poore succeeded him and began planning the relocation of the cathedral into the valley almost immediately. Their plans were approved byKingRichard I but repeatedly delayed: Herbert was first forced into exile inNormandy in the 1190s by the hostility of his archbishopWalter and then again toScotland in the 1210s owing to royal hostility following thepapal interdiction againstKing John. The secular authorities were particularly incensed, according to tradition, owing to some of the clerics debauching the castellan's female relations.[20] In the end, the clerics were refused permission to reenter the city walls following theirrogations andprocessions.[22] This causedPeter of Blois to describe the church as "a captive within the walls of the citadel like theark of God in the profane house ofBaal".[23] He advocated:
Let us descend into the plain! There are rich fields and fertile valleys abounding in the fruits of the earth and watered by the living stream. There is a seat for the Virgin Patroness of our church to which the world cannot produce a parallel.[24]
Herbert Poore's successor and brother, Richard Poore, eventually moved the cathedral to anew town on his estate at Veteres Sarisberias ("Old Salisburies") in 1220. The site was at "Myrifield" ("Merryfield"),[25] a meadow near the confluence of theRiver Nadder and theHampshireAvon. It was first known as "New Sarum"[24] orNew Saresbyri.[22] The town was laid out on agrid.
Work on the new cathedral building, the present Salisbury Cathedral, began in 1221. The site was supposedly established by shooting an arrow from Old Sarum, although this is certainly a legend: the distance is over three kilometres (2 mi). The legend is sometimes amended to claim that the arrow struck a white deer, which continued to run and died on the spot where the cathedral now rests. The structure was built upon wooden faggots on a gravel bed with unusually shallow foundations of 18 in (45 cm) and the main body was completed in only 38 years. The 123 m or 404 ft tall spire, the tallest in the UK, was built later. With royal approval, many of the stones for the new cathedral were taken from theold one; others came fromChilmark. They were probably transported by ox-cart, owing to the obstruction to boats on theRiver Nadder caused by its many weirs and watermills. The cathedral is considered a masterpiece ofEarly English architecture. The spire'slarge clock was installed in 1386, and is one of the oldest surviving mechanical clocks in the world.[26] The cathedral also contains the best-preserved of the four surviving copies ofMagna Carta.
New Sarum was made acity by a charter fromKingHenry III in 1227[27] and, by the 14th century, was the largest settlement in Wiltshire. The city wall surrounds the Close and was built in the 14th century, again with stones removed from the former cathedral at Old Sarum. The wall now has five gates: the High Street Gate,St Ann's Gate, the Queen's Gate, andSt Nicholas's Gate were original, while a fifth was constructed in the 19th century to allow access toBishop Wordsworth's School, in the Cathedral Close. During his time in the city, the composerHandel stayed in a room above St Ann's gate. The original site of the city at Old Sarum, meanwhile, fell into disuse. It continued as arotten borough: at the time of its abolition during the reforms of 1832, itsMember of Parliament (MP) represented three households.
In May 1289, there was uncertainty about the future ofMargaret, Maid of Norway, and her father sent ambassadors toEdward I. Edward metRobert the Bruce and others at Salisbury in October 1289, which resulted in theTreaty of Salisbury, under which Margaret would be sent to Scotland before 1 November 1290 and any agreement on her future marriage would be delayed until she was in Scotland.[28]
In 1450, a number of riots broke out in Salisbury at roughly the same time asJack Cade led a famous rebellion through London. The riots occurred for related reasons, although the declining fortunes of Salisbury's cloth trade may also have been influential. The violence peaked with the murder of the bishop,William Ayscough, who had been involved with the government. In 1483, a large-scale rebellion againstRichard III broke out, led by his own 'kingmaker',Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. After the revolt collapsed, Buckingham was executed at Salisbury, near the Bull's Head Inn. Anact of Parliament, theRiver Avon Navigation (Christchurch to New Sarum) Act 1664 (16 & 17 Cha. 2. c. 12) was passed on 2 March 1665 for making theRiver Avon navigable fromChristchurch to the city of New Sarum, and the work completed, only for the project to be ruined shortly thereafter by a major flood.[30] Soon after, during theGreat Plague of London,Charles II held court in Salisbury's cathedral close.
Salisbury was the site chosen to assembleJames II's forces to resist theGlorious Revolution. He arrived to lead his approximately19 000 men on 19 November 1688. His troops were not keen to fight Mary or her husband William, and the loyalty of many of James's commanders was in doubt. The first blood was shed at theWincanton Skirmish, inSomerset. In Salisbury, James heard that some of his officers had deserted, such asEdward Hyde, and he broke out in a nosebleed, which he took as an omen that he should retreat. His commander in chief, theEarl of Feversham, advised retreat on 23 November, and the next dayJohn Churchill defected to William. On 26 November, James's own daughter,Princess Anne, did the same, and James returned to London the same day, never again to be at the head of a serious military force in England.[31]
Following the destruction by theLuftwaffe of the Southampton factories buildingSupermarine Spitfires in 1940, production was dispersed toshadow factories elsewhere in the south of England. Salisbury was the major centre of production, supplemented byTrowbridge andReading. Several factories were set up in the centre of Salisbury and staffed by predominantly young women who had no previous mechanical experience but were trained for specific tasks in the aircraft construction process. Supporting the factories were many workers producing small components in home-based workshops and garden sheds. Sub-assemblies were built in the city centre factories and then transported toHigh Post airfield (north of the city, in Durnford parish) and Chattis Hill[32] (northeast, nearStockbridge), where the aircraft were assembled, test flown and then distributed toRAF airfields across England. A total of over 2000 Spitfires were produced. The whole process was carried out in secret without the knowledge of even the local people and only emerged into public knowledge after the production of a film describing the whole process.[33] In July 2021 a memorial to the workers, in the form of a life-size fibreglass model Mk IX Spitfire, was unveiled in Castle Road, Salisbury (near the rugby club) on the site of one of the factories.[34][35]
TheLocal Government Act 1972 eliminated the administration of the City of New Sarum under its former charters, but its successor,Wiltshire County'sSalisbury District, continued to be accorded its former city status. The name was finally formally amended from "New Sarum" to "Salisbury" during the2009 changes occasioned by theLocal Government Act 1992, which established the Salisbury City Council.
Salisbury is within the county ofWiltshire, and the administrative district of the same name. For local government purposes, it is administered by theWiltshire Council unitary authority. Salisbury forms a civil parish with a parish council known as theSalisbury City Council.
Since the local boundary review of 2020, twoelectoral wards – St Edmund and Harnham East – cover the city centre within theA36 ring road, and the rest of the unitary and city council areas are covered by six further wards.Laverstock and Ford parish council has the same boundary as the Laverstock ward, as well as part of theOld Sarum and Upper Bourne Valley ward, at unitary level.[37] The Bishopdown Farm estate on the outskirts of Salisbury is now part of Laverstock and Ford, joining Hampton Park and Riverdown Park.
Prior to 2009, Salisbury was part of the now-abolished non-metropolitan county of Wiltshire. It was governed byWiltshire County Council at the county level andSalisbury District Council, which oversaw most of south Wiltshire as well as the city. Salisbury (previously officially New Sarum) has had city status since time immemorial.
Salisbury is approximately halfway between Exeter and London being 80 miles (128 km) east-northeast ofExeter, 78 miles (126 km) west-southwest of London and also 34 miles (55 km) south ofSwindon, 20 miles (32 km) northwest ofSouthampton and 32 miles (51 km) southeast ofBath.
Queen Elizabeth Gardens, showing part of the River Avon diverted through the gardens
The geology of the area, as with much of South Wiltshire andHampshire, is largely chalk. The rivers which flow through the city have been redirected, and along with landscaping, have been used to feed into public gardens. They are popular in the summer, particularly in Queen Elizabeth Gardens, as the water there is shallow and slow-flowing enough to enter safely. Because of the low-lying land, the rivers are prone to flooding, particularly during the winter months. The Town Path, a walkway that linksHarnham with the rest of the city, is at times impassable.
Salisbury has many areas and suburbs, most of them being former villages that were absorbed by the growth of the city. The boundaries of these areas are for the most part unofficial and not fixed. All of these suburbs are within Salisbury's ONS Urban Area, which had a population of 44,748 in 2011.[42] However, not all of these suburbs are administered by the city council, and are therefore not within the eight wards that had a combined population of 40,302 in 2011. Two parishes are part of the urban area but outside Salisbury parish.
Surrounding parishes, villages and towns rely on Salisbury for some services. The following are within a 4-mile radius of the city centre and are listed in approximately clockwise order:
Theurban zone, which contains the wards immediately surrounding the city, had a population of 62,216 at the 2011 Census.[44] The wards included in this figure areLaverstock,Britford,Downton,Alderbury,Odstock and the neighbouring town ofWilton, among others, however it does not include the towns ofAmesbury orRomsey, as these support their own local populations and are further afield.
At the 2011 census the population of the civil parish was 95.73% white (91.00%White British), 2.48%Asian (0.74%Indian, 0.41%Bangladeshi, 0.40%Chinese), 0.45% black and 1.15% mixed race. Within the parish, the largest ethnic minority group was 'other white' comprising 3.6% of the population as of 2011.[45] There is not much contrast between areas when it comes to ethnic diversity. The ward of St Edmund and Milford is the most multiethnic, with 86.0% of the population being White British.[46] The least multiethnic is the ward of St Francis and Stratford, which contains suburbs in the north of the city, with 94.8% of the population being White British.[47] The city is represented by six other wards.
Within the parish, the largest ethnic minority group was 'other white' comprising 3.6% of the population as of 2011.
86.43% of the civil parish's population were born in England, 3.94% were born elsewhere in the UK. 4.94% were born elsewhere in the EU (including theRepublic of Ireland), while 4.70% of the population were born outside the EU.[49]
62.49% of the civil parish's population declared their religion to be Christianity, while 27.09% stated "no religion" and 8.02% declined to state their religion.[50] 0.79% of the population declared their religion to beIslam, 0.41%Buddhism, 0.40%Hinduism and 0.80% as another religion.[50]
95.89% of the civil parish's population considered their "main language" to be English, while 1.12% considered it to bePolish, 0.28% considered it to beBengali and 0.24% considered it to beTagalog.[51] 99.43% of the population claimed to be able to speak English well or very well.[52]
In 2001, 22.33% of Salisbury's population were aged between 30 and 44, 42.76% were over 45, and 13.3% were between 18 and 29.[53]
The 15th-century Poultry Cross marked the section of the market trading in poultry.Butchers Row in the city centre
Salisbury holds a chartermarket[54] on Tuesdays and Saturdays and has held markets regularly since 1227. In the 15th century the Market Place had four crosses: thePoultry Cross, whose name describes its market; the 'cheese and milk cross', which indicated that market and was in the triangle between the HSBC bank and the Salisbury Library; a third cross near the site of the present war memorial, which marked a woollen and yarn market; and a fourth, called Barnwell or Barnard's Cross, in the Culver Street and Barnard Street area, which marked a cattle and livestock market.[9] Today, only the Poultry Cross remains, to whichflying buttresses were added in the 19th century.[55] The Market Hall, later known as theCorn Exchange, was completed in 1859.[56]
In 1226,Henry III granted the Bishop of Salisbury a charter to hold a fair lasting eight days from the Feast of theAssumption of Mary (15 August).[57] Over the centuries the dates of the fair have moved around, but in its modern guise, a funfair is now held in the Market Place for three days from the third Monday in October.
From 1833 to the mid-1980s, theSalisbury Gas Light and Coke Company, which ran the city's gasworks, was one of the major employers in the area. The company was formed in 1832 with a share capital of £8,000, and its first chairman was the3rd Earl of Radnor. The company was incorporated by a localact of Parliament, theSalisbury Gas Act 1864 (27 & 28 Vict. c. xxiii), and theSalisbury Gas Order 1882 confirmed by theGas Orders Confirmation Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. xcix) empowered it to raise capital of up to £40,000. At its peak, the gasworks were producing not onlycoal gas but alsocoke, which was sold off as the by-product of gas-making. Ammoniacal liquor, another by-product, was mixed with sulphuric acid, dried and ground to make a powder which was sold as an agricultural fertiliser. The clinker from the retort house was sold to a firm in London to be used as purifier beds in the construction ofsewage works.[58]
Salisbury power station supplied electricity to Salisbury and the surrounding area from 1898 to 1970. The power station was at Town Mill and was owned and operated by Salisbury Electric Light and Supply Company Limited prior to the nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948. Thecoal-fired power station was redeveloped several times to incorporate new plant including a water-driven turbine.[59]
From the Middle Ages to the start of the 20th century, Salisbury was noted for itscutlery industry. Early motor cars were manufactured in the city from 1902 by Dean and Burden Brothers, using the Scout Motors brand. In 1907, the company moved to a larger factory at Churchfields; each car took six to eight weeks to build, mostly using bodies made elsewhere by coachbuilders. By 1912, 150 men were employed and the company was also making small commercial vehicles and 20-seater buses, some of which were later used by the newly establishedWilts & Dorset operator. The Scout company failed in 1921 after wartime disruption and competition from larger makers.[60]
Shopping centres include The Old George Mall, The Maltings, Winchester Street, and the Crosskeys precinct. Major employers includeSalisbury District Hospital. The closure of theFriends Life office, the second largest employer, was announced in 2015.[61]
Salisbury was an important centre for music in the 18th century. ThegrammarianJames Harris, a friend ofHandel, directed concerts at the Assembly Rooms for almost 50 years up to his death in 1780. Many of the most famous musicians and singers of the day performed there.[62]
Salisbury holds an annualSt George's Day pageant, the origins of which are claimed to go back to the 13th century.[citation needed]
Salisbury has a strong artistic community, with galleries situated in the city centre, including theYoung Gallery (incorporating theJohn Creasey Museum), located in Salisbury Library. In the 18th century,John Constable made a number of celebratedlandscape paintings featuring the cathedral's spire and the surrounding countryside. Salisbury's annual International Arts Festival, started in 1973, and held in late May to early June, provides a programme of theatre, live music, dance, public sculpture, street performance and art exhibitions. Salisbury also houses a producing theatre,Salisbury Playhouse, which produces between eight and ten plays a year, as well as welcoming touring productions.
The Salisbury Museum is housed in theKing's House, a Grade I listed building whose history dates back to the 13th century, opposite the west front of the cathedral.
The permanent Stonehenge exhibition gallery has interactive displays about Stonehenge and the archaeology of south Wiltshire, and its collections include the skeleton of theAmesbury Archer, which is on display.The Pitt Rivers display holds a collection from GeneralAugustus Pitt Rivers.The costume gallery showcases costumes and textiles from the area, with costumes for children to try on while imagining themselves as characters from Salisbury's past.[citation needed]
In the 13th and 14th centuries, Salisbury was a seat of learning, with students of theology and theliberal arts taught at theCollege of the Valley Scholars, founded by BishopGiles of Bridport in 1262. This has some claim to be seen as the first university college in England,[64] as it was founded three years beforeMerton College, Oxford. Most of the scholars transferred to Salisbury Hall, Oxford, in 1325.[65]
Salisbury lies at the intersection of theA30, theA36, and theA338, and is at the end of theA343,A345,A354, andA360. Car parks around the periphery of the city are linked to the city centre by a park-and-ride scheme. The A36 forms an almost complete ring road around the city centre, and the A3094 comprises the southwestern quadrant of the ring road, passing through the city's outer suburbs.
There are bus links toSouthampton,Bournemouth, Andover,Devizes, andSwindon, with limited services on Sundays.Salisbury Reds, a brand ofGo South Coast, is the main local operator. Wheelers Travel provide services toShaftesbury and Andover, as well as intermediate-distance services.[66] Other operators includeStagecoach (Amesbury, Tidworth, Andover) and Beeline (Warminster).
Salisbury has apark and ride bus scheme with five sites around the city.[67]
Salisbury bus station, which opened in 1939, closed in January 2014 due to high operating costs and low usage.[68] Situated in Endless Street, on the northeastern edge of the city centre, the site was later developed into retirement homes, which opened in February 2018.
Besides the cathedral church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Salisbury has several churches of various denominations. Three of them – St Martin, St Thomas and St Lawrence (Stratford-sub-Castle) – areGrade I listed.
St Martin's Church predates the establishment of the cathedral at New Sarum. The church is on the south side of Milford Hill, beyond the eastern edge of the medieval town. The chancel is from c.1230, the tower (with spire) is 14th-century and the nave and aisles are from the late 15th century, but there is evidence of an earlier church and of Saxon burials.[69] The parish has a long-standingAnglo-Catholic tradition.[70]
St Edmund's was founded as acollegiate church in 1269, in the north of the city. It was originally a larger building which was damaged when the central tower fell in 1653; the nave was demolished and a new tower was built at the west end. A chancel was added in 1766 and then rebuilt in 1865–1867 bySir George Gilbert Scott. The church was declaredredundant in 1974 and reopened as Salisbury Arts Centre in 1975. A two-storey addition was built on the north side in 2003–2005.[71]
The 15th-century doom painting in St Thomas' church
St Thomas' church has a central position, just west of the market square. It was founded in the early 13th century and rebuilt in the 15th at the expense of the city's prosperous merchants.[72] Above the chancel arch is a large 15th-centurydoom painting, "one of the best surviving" according to Orbach.[71][73]
The churches of three rural parishes are in areas now absorbed into Salisbury. St George's atWest Harnham was begun in the 12th century and altered in the early 14th century.[74][75]St Lawrence, Stratford-sub-Castle, was built in the 13th century for the settlement nearOld Sarum, at first as achapelry of St Martin's.[76][77] The small church of St Andrew atBemerton was built in the 14th century on the site of an earlier church.[78] It is associated with the poet and priestGeorge Herbert, rector from 1630 until his death in 1633.
The first Baptist congregation in Salisbury was founded in 1690, as a breakaway from thePorton chapel. In 1719, a Baptist chapel was built in Brown Street, named the Brown Street Particular Baptist Church. It was rebuilt in 1750 and again in the 19th century.[79]
The Methodist chapel on St. Edmund's Church Street was built in 1759, and hostedJohn Wesley in 1769.[79]
A Presbyterian chapel was present on Salt Lane in the early 18th century[79], possibly on the site of the present day Salvation Army church.
St Osmund's (Catholic) is on Exeter Street in the city centre, a short distance east of the cathedral. It was designed byAugustus Pugin, who also designed some of the stained glass, and was consecrated in 1848.[80]
St Paul's church, serving part of the northern suburbs, was built near the start of the Devizes road in 1853. It was a replacement for St Clement's at Fisherton village, which had stood near theNadder since at least the 14th century. The style of worship has beenevangelical since the 1860s.[81]
The small All Saints' church was built at East Harnham in 1854, to designs ofT.H. Wyatt.[82]
In 1861, St John's church was built at Bemerton to supplement St Andrew's. The building was declared redundant in 2010 and reopened in 2016 as a community centre and events venue.[83]
St Mark's was dedicated in 1894 to serve the expanding northern suburbs. The church is described as "ambitious" byHistoric England and "expensively detailed" by Orbach.[71] Construction was in stages, finishing in 1915, and the upper part of the tower was never built.[84]
The Methodist Church on St Edmund's Church Street was extended in 1811 and redesigned in 1835 in neo-classical style. It is a Grade II listed building.[85]
The Baptist Church on Brown Street was rebuilt in 1829 to accommodate a growing congregation and modified further in 1882.[79]
There were Congregational churches on Scots Lane and Endless Street[79], replaced by the current United Reformed church on Fisherton Street in 1897.[86]
19th-century buildings for other denominations include, in the city centre, the Elim Pentecostal Church (originally Primitive Methodist, 1896, now a nightclub);[87] and on Wilton Road, Emmanuel Church (1860).[88]
Church of St. Gregory and the English Martyrs, Salisbury (Roman Catholic)
The Roman Catholic St. Gregory's Church was built in the city's western suburbs in 1938.[89]
As the city's suburbs extended further north,St Francis's church was consecrated in 1940 to serve an area which had been part of Stratford-sub-Castle parish. Worship isevangelical in style, and services are designed to appeal to families and young people.[90]
The Five Rivers Leisure Centre and Swimming Pool, which was opened in 2002, is just outside the ring road.Salisbury Racecourse is aflat racing course to the south-west of the city. Five Rivers Indoor Bowls Club and Salisbury Snooker Club share a building on Tollgate Road, behind the college.
Old Sarum Airfield, north of the city centre, is home to a variety of aviation-based businesses, including flying schools and the APT Charitable Trust for disabled flyers.
The city's theatre is theSalisbury Playhouse. The City Hall is an entertainment venue and hosts comedy, musical performances (including those by the resident Musical Theatre Salisbury), as well as seminars and conventions.Salisbury Arts Centre, housed in a redundant church, has exhibitions and workshops.
Salisbury is well-supplied withpubs. TheHaunch of Venison, overlooking the Poultry Cross, operates from a 14th-century building; one of its attractions is a cast of amummified hand, supposedly severed during a game of cards.[92] TheRai d'Or has original deeds dating from 1292. It was the home of Agnes Bottenham, who used the profits of the tavern to found Trinity Hospital next door in c. 1380.
Daphne Pochin Mould (1920 in Salisbury – 2014),[109] photographer, broadcaster, geologist, traveller, pilot and Ireland's[110] first female flight instructor
John Rowan (1925 in Old Sarum – 2018 in London), author, one of the pioneers of Humanistic Psychology and Integrative Psychotherapy
Jonathan Meades (born 1947 in Salisbury),[117] writer, food journalist, essayist and film-maker
Prof.Martyn Thomas (born 1948 in Salisbury)[118] software engineer, entrepreneur and academic
Richard Digance (born 1949), comedian and folk singer. He lives in Salisbury.[119]
Kenneth Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of River Glaven (born 1953),[120] Director of Public Prosecutions of England and Wales 2003–2008 and head of the Crown Prosecution Service. He attended Bishop Wordsworth's School in Salisbury.
BBC Radio Wiltshire is theBBC Local Radio public service station for the county, which sometimes broadcasts from or about the city. Salisbury used to have its own local radio station, Spire FM, which was purchased byBauer Radio in 2019. Its frequency now transmitsGreatest Hits Radio Salisbury, which broadcasts national and regional music programmes with local news bulletins.[127]
TheSalisbury Journal is the local paid-forweekly newspaper, which is available in shops every Thursday. The local free weekly newspaper from the same publisher is theAvon Advertiser, which is delivered to houses in Salisbury and the surrounding area.
The two names for the city,Salisbury andSarum, are humorously alluded to in a 1928limerick fromPunch:
There was an old Sultan of Salisbury Who wanted some wives for hishalisbury, So he had them sent down By a fast train from town, For he thought that hismotor wouldscalisbury.[129]
The ambiguous pronunciation was also used in the following limerick, which also alludes to 'Hants', the shortened form of Hampshire:
There was a young curate of Salisbury, Whose manners were quite Halisbury-Scalisbury. He wandered round Hampshire, Without any pampshire, Till the Vicar compelled him to Walisbury.[130]
A lively account of the Salisbury markets, as they were in 1842, is contained in Chapter 5 ofMartin Chuzzlewit byCharles Dickens.
The fictitious Kingsbridge Cathedral in TV miniseries,The Pillars of the Earth (2010), based on a historical novel by the same name byKen Follett, is modelled on the cathedrals of Wells and Salisbury. The final aerial shot of the series is ofSalisbury Cathedral.[131][132]
Salisbury experiences anoceanic climate (Köppen climate classificationCfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. The nearest Met Office weather station to Salisbury is Boscombe Down, about 6 miles to the north of the city centre. In terms of the local climate, Salisbury is among the sunniest of inland areas in the UK, averaging over 1650 hours of sunshine in a typical year. Temperature extremes since 1960 have ranged from −12.4 °C (9.7 °F) in January 1963[135] to 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) duringJuly 2006.[136] The lowest temperature to be recorded in recent years was −10.1 °C (13.8 °F) during December 2010.[137]
Climate data forBoscombe Down[a], elevation: 128 m (420 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present)
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^"Wiltshire".Gazetteer OF MARKETS AND FAIRS IN ENGLAND AND WALES TO 1516. Centre for Metropolitan History. 18 June 2003.Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved12 April 2010.
^Watts, John (1991)Salisbury Gasworks: The Salisbury Gas Light & Coke Company Salisbury: South Wiltshire Industrial Archaeology SocietyISBN0-906195-12-8
^Garrett, Frederick (1959).Garcke's Manual of Electricity Supply vol. 56. London: Electrical Press. pp. A-92, A-133.
^Music and Theatre in Handel's World: The Family Papers ofJames Harris 1732–1780, by Donald Burrows and Rosemary Dunhill, Oxford University Press, USA (29 March 2002)
^Reed, Langford (1934). "Irreverent Radios".Mr. Punch's Limerick Book. London: R. Cobden–Sanderson Ltd. p. 65.Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved14 July 2017.
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