| Sajur River Sacır SuyuTurkish | |
|---|---|
 Map (in French) of the Syro–Turkish part of the Euphrates basin with the Sajur (Sajour) in the left | |
| Native name | نهر الساجور (Arabic) |
| Location | |
| Country | Turkey,Syria |
| Region | Middle East |
| City | Gaziantep |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Euphrates |
• location | Syria |
• coordinates | 36°39′35″N38°04′14″E / 36.65972°N 38.07056°E /36.65972; 38.07056 |
| Length | 108 km (67 mi) |
| Basin size | 2,042 km2 (788 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 4.1 m3/s (140 cu ft/s) |
| • minimum | 1.4 m3/s (49 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 7 m3/s (250 cu ft/s) |
TheSajur (Arabic:نهر الساجور,romanized: Nahr as-Sājūr[næhræssæːˈd͡ʒuːr];Turkish:Sacır Suyu[1]) is a 108 kilometres (67 mi) long river originating inTurkey and flowing into theEuphrates inSyria. It is the smallest of the three rivers joining the Euphrates in Syria, and the only one that joins the Euphrates on its western bank. Occupation in the Sajur basin started in theLower Palaeolithic period and continues until today.
The Sajur River is 108 kilometres (67 mi) long, of which 60 kilometres (37 mi) are in Turkey and 48 kilometres (30 mi) in Syria.[2] It is thought to originate in a place to the west ofGaziantep, calledSacır Başı in Turkish. Its name changes toKavaklık deresi in the historic outskirts of Gaziantep, then toAlleben deresi in the old town, and later toTabakhane deresi (lit. tannery stream). As it leaves the old town dirty, it becomesKara Akar (lit. black-flowing), regaining its original name Sajur shortly after.[3] From there, the Sajur flows southeast until it crosses theSyria–Turkey border. The river then continues in a roughly easterly direction until it joins the Euphrates on its right bank in the area that is flooded by theTishrin Dam reservoir.[4] In Syria, the river cuts a valley into theManbij Plain that is between 20 and 100 metres (66 and 328 ft) below the level of the plain, and up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide.[5] Averagedischarge is 4.1 cubic metres (140 cu ft) per second. Maximum discharge, occurring in the months February and March, is 7 cubic metres (250 cu ft) per second, while minimum discharge, recorded for June–October, is 1.4 cubic metres (49 cu ft) per second.[2][6] Average annual discharge is 0.14 cubic kilometres (0.03 cu mi). Both in terms of length, as well as discharge, the Sajur is the smallest of the three rivers that join the Euphrates on Syrian soil – the other two being theBalikh and theKhabur.[6][7] The Sajur is also the only river in Syria that enters the Euphrates on its right bank; both the Balikh and the Khabur flow into the Euphrates on the left bank.[8]
The Sajurdrains a total area of 2,042 square kilometres (788 sq mi).[6] The Syrian part of the Sajur basin – the Manbij Plain – has been particularly well-studied. This area is bounded on the north by the Syro–Turkish border and extends as far south as Manbij. To the west, the Manbij Plain is bordered bybasalt outcrops; probably the remains of aPliocenevolcano. In the southeast of the plain,limestone outcrops force the Euphrates into the gorge of Qara Quzaq. These outcrops reach a height of 80–100 metres (260–330 ft) over the plain. Reaching heights of 500–520 metres (1,640–1,710 ft)amsl in the north, west and south, the Manbij Plain slopes down to 420 metres (1,380 ft) amsl toward the east. In the western part of the drainage basin, flat grounds with fertile red-brown soils can be found, and this area is suitable for agriculture. Toward the east and along the Sajur, the plain is dissected by numerous wadis, making these parts of the area less suitable for human occupation and agriculture.[9] The Manbij Plain experiences acontinental climate. Average temperatures range from 5 °C (41 °F) in January to 30 °C (86 °F) in July. Annual average precipitation is 300 millimetres (12 in), but ranges from a minimum of 141 millimetres (5.6 in) per year in dry years to 424 millimetres (16.7 in) per year in exceptionally wet years.[10] Although much of the area is cultivated today, combinedpalaeobotanical, climate and vegetation research suggest that the basin would support axericwoodland vegetation with openoak forest andRosaceae (rose/plum family) in the absence of human activity.[11]
Occupation of the Sajur river basin started as early as the Lower Palaeolithic period, as evidenced byAcheulean stone artefacts.Middle Palaeolithic artefacts have been found as well.[12][13]
Both Turkey and Syria use water from the Sajur forirrigation purposes. Since the 19th century, occupation in and cultivation of the Sajur basin have steadily increased, especially in the western, more fertile part of the area. The introduction of motorized pumps has led to a considerable decrease of the groundwater table, with the effect that many wells have dried up.[14] Turkey has built theKayacık Dam on the Ayfinar Deresi, one of the two streams that join to form the Sajur. This 45-metre (148 ft) high dam creates areservoir with a surface area of 11 square kilometres (4.2 sq mi). From this reservoir, an area of 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) is irrigated.[15] Adam with a planned reservoir capacity of 0.0098 cubic kilometres (0.0024 cu mi) is under construction on the Syrian part of the Sajour.[16] The city ofAleppo disposes part of its wastewater into the Sajur drainage system.[17]
| Mediterranean | |
|---|---|
| Persian Gulf | |
| endorheic | |
