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Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины II | |
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Former names | Leningrad Mining Institute National Mineral Resources University |
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| Motto | Усердие к услуге Отечества и к пользе оного любовь |
Motto in English | Diligence in conducting the affairs of the Fatherland and love for the good thereof[1] |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1773; 252 years ago (1773) |
| Rector | Vladimir Litvinenko |
Academic staff | 5,000 |
| Students | 16,500 |
| Location | , |
| Website | en |
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Building details | |
 The building of the Mining Academy (1811) is aNeoclassical work byAndrey Voronikhin. | |
 Interactive map of Saint Petersburg Mining University | |
| General information | |
| Estimated completion | 1811 |
| University rankings | |
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| Regional – Overall | |
| QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[2] | 168 (2022) |
Saint Petersburg Mining University of Empress Catherine II (Russian:Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины II) is the oldesttechnical university ofRussia and one of the oldest technical universities in Europe.[3]
The university was founded on October 21, 1773, byEmpressCatherine the Great, who realised an idea proposed byPeter the Great andMikhail Lomonosov for training engineers for mining and metal industries. Having a strong engineering profession was seen by many Russian rulers as a vital means of maintaining Russia's status as a great power. As historian Alfred J. Rieber[4] wrote, "The marriage of technology and central state power had a natural attraction for Peter the Great and his successors, particularlyPaul I,Alexander I, andNicholas I".[5] All three had had a military education and had seen the achievements of the engineers ofrevolutionary andimperial France, who had reconstructed the great highways, unified the waterways and erected buildings throughout Europe in a more lasting tribute to the French than all ofNapoleon'svictories.[6]
Though located inSt. Petersburg, the university is on a federal rather than local level and has partnerships with global oil, gas, and mining companies, as well as governments. Its museum[7] is home to one of the world's finest collections of gems and mineral samples, and the university building is a Neoclassical masterpiece designed byAndrey Voronikhin.
The university was first known as the Mining School (Горное училище) until 1804, when it became the Mining Cadet Corps (Горный кадетский корпус); in 1833, it became the Institute of the Corps of Mining Engineers (Институт корпуса горных инженеров). Since 1866, it has been known as the Mining Institute (Горный институт). It is still widely known in Russia asGorny, or 'Mining', referring to its previous name. During the Soviet period, it was renamed afterGeorgi Plekhanov, who attended the institute in the 1870s, becoming known as the G. V. Plekhanov Leningrad State Mining Institute and Technical University. Between 1958 and 1960, a branch of the institute was opened in Vorkuta, along with night schools in Slantsy, Monchegorsk, and Kirovsk. Since 1869 the institute has also been the headquarters of theRussian Mineralogical Society.
During theSiege of Leningrad, the building was used as a manufacturing base for producing explosives and grenades.
The university also houses a church, dedicated to St. Macarius of Egypt,[8] which first opened its doors in 1805. It was closed, along with other churches, by the Soviet government in 1918, and was used first as a cinema and then as a gym, which resulted in damage to the interior. However, in 1996 it was recognized once more as a church and restored fully and is now functional.
The university was renamed Saint Petersburg State Mining University in 2011, and, after merging with the North-West Open Technical University in 2012, it was known as the National Mineral Resources University. The university was renamed Saint Petersburg Mining University in 2016.
The university is housed in a grand neoclassicist building with a 12-column portico on the banks of the Neva River on the south shore ofVasilievsky Island. It is the first building that can be seen from ships travelling into the city from theGulf of Finland, and is a prime example of the monumental neoclassicist style favoured in Imperial Russia in the early 1800s. Russian scholars call this architecture classicist, while in the west it is known as neoclassicist, because trends in architecture came to Russia later than in the West.
ArchitectAndrey Voronikhin completed the building in 1806–11. He also designed theKazan Cathedral – inspired bySt. Peter's Basilica in Rome – atNevsky Prospect, as well as buildings at Paul I's estate atPavlovsk Palace south of the city. He also remodelled the interiors of the baroqueStroganov Palace in neoclassical style. The design of the university building reflects the idea that mining is a harsh and difficult pursuit – as well as symbolising the entry into the underground world of Pluto through the portico, decorated with 12 columns of the Doric order.[9]
On the left-hand side of the steps at the entrance to the university is a sculpture byVasily Demut-Malinovsky, who designed decorations and sculptures for many of the city’s churches, palaces, and monuments.The Abduction of Proserpina depicts how the Roman goddessProserpina is seized and taken to the underworld byPluto and is after the originalThe Rape of Proserpina by Italian artistGian Lorenzo Bernini (1621–22), which provided the inspiration for many artists. Its powerful forms and heavy proportions[10]are determined by their position and function as a decoration of the huge portico, and the sculpture together with the portico are typical of Russian town planning in the beginning of the 19th century.[10]
On the right-hand-side of the entrance to the university is the Hercules and Antaeus sculpture byStepan Pimenov,[11] one of the leading Russian sculptors of the early 19th century, who also created sculptural decorations for the Kazan Cathedral, the Admiralty, and many other palaces and monuments in St Petersburg, and who had worked closely with Demut-Malinovsky since 1802. The statue shows Hercules winning in a struggle with Antaeus, who had defeated most of his previous opponents up to that point.
In 1830 Pimenov fell out of favour with Tsar Nicholas I, seemingly over his sculptures to decorate theNarva Triumphal Arch, built in 1814 to mark the Russian victory over Napoleon, but most probably because of his portraits of the Tsar, which Nicholas did not take a liking to.[12]
Pimenov was dismissed by the Tsar and died three years later, at the age of 49.
The two sculptures symbolise the earth, its power and wealth – Antaeus’ strength lay in his contact with Mother Earth, and Demut-Malinovsky’sRape of Proserpina also shows a struggle – and the dynamism of each sculpture contrasts with the solidity of the large portico.[13]
Unusually for a non-military establishment, the university has a uniform worn by all staff and students. When it was first opened in the 1700s, students wore a double-breasted red uniform with a white collar and gold trimmings. The uniform was dropped for a number of years before being reintroduced in 2000 with the aim of reviving the traditions of Russia's first technical college. The Russian railways is another non-military organisation where staff still wear a uniform.[14] In 2013, Russia began issuing new sets of stamps showing uniforms,[15] such as those of communications and post office workers, from the 1600s to the present. Russian mining engineers in general wore uniforms, seemingly as part of efforts to bring the profession closer to the military.[16]
One of the key achievements of the university's scientists has been the invention of techniques to drill through several miles of Antarctic ice to reach the sub-glacialLake Vostok. Professor Nikolai Vasiliev, head of the drilling department at the university,[citation needed] has led the drilling efforts, while scientific research into the layers of ice that cover the lake, the possibility of new forms of microbial life existing in the lake, and a host of other areas of research connected to the lake are based at theArctic and Antarctic Research Institute, thePetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, the All-Russian Research Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologia), theInstitute of Geography in Moscow, theLimnological Institute in Irkutsk and theLaboratory for Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics in Grenoble, France. Lake Vostok is one of the world's most closely watched scientific projects, and the expertise of the Russian drillers, directed by Professor Vasiliev, is recognised.[17]
Vladimir Litvinenko has been rector since 1994 and has close links toVladimir Putin, who defended his doctoral thesis at the institute in 1996. Litvinenko oversaw Putin's work, which is alleged to include significant amounts ofplagiarism and is speculated perhaps to have not even been written by Putin (i.e. that he paid somebody to write it for him). Litvinenko has been criticised for not spotting plagiarism.[18]
The list of University alumni includes specialists, who discovered open fields and projected productions. Such are geologistsAlexander Karpinsky,Vladimir Obruchev, the founder of the oil doctrineIvan Gubkin, and many others.
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59°55′45″N30°16′10″E / 59.92923°N 30.26945°E /59.92923; 30.26945
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