| Saint George's Day Diada de Sant Jordi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Status | Active |
| Genre | Festival |
| Date | April 23 |
| Frequency | Annually |
| Venue | Streets of Catalonia |
| Location | Catalonia |
| Inaugurated | 15th c. (roses) October 7, 1926 (1926-10-07) (books) April 23, 1931 (1931-04-23) (current) |
Saint George's Day (Catalan:Diada de Sant Jordi), also known as theDay of Books and Roses (Dia del Llibre i de la Rosa), is celebrated annually inCatalonia (Spain) on 23 April.Saint George (Catalan:Sant Jordi) is thepatron saint of Catalonia in a tradition established in the Middle Ages. Despite being a working day, it is regarded as one of Catalannational holidays due to its popularity. It is also celebrated, to a lesser extent, inNorthern Catalonia (France) and in someother areas of Spain.
On this day, love and literature are widely celebrated throughout Catalonia. Books and roses are exchanged, particularly between sweethearts and loved ones. Traditionally, men gave women arose, and women gave men a book,[1] however, in modern times the mutual exchange of books and roses regardless of gender is also customary. Therefore, the festival roughly serves the same romantic purposes that ofSaint Valentine's Day inAnglophone countries.
| Catalan /Valenciancultural domain |
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 Casa Batlló adorned with roses on April 23, 2016 |
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Government and politics |
Music and performing arts |
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Before 1931, April 23 was simply known as the Day of the Rose or Sant Jordi's Day in Catalonia.
The story begins with real events on April 23, 303 AD, when Romans beheaded a soldier namedGeorge, probably in Greece.[2][3] The story of this knight then developed into a legend over hundreds of years. In Catalonia the legend involved Sant Jordi killing a dragon and saving a princess.[2] When Jordi slew the dragon, a rose bush grew from the blood of the dragon, and the knight presented one of these roses to the princess.[2] According to legend, a rose bush grows there every April.[3] A Catalan variation to the traditional legend places George's story as having occurred in the town ofMontblanc, in theregion of Tarragona.
The legend of the saint spread throughout thePrincipality of Catalonia until, in 1456, he was officially named by theCatalan Courts (the parliament) as the patron saint of Catalonia, and the annual commemoration with roses began. The first Catalan printed book was published in 1474.[4]
In the early 1700s, with the fall of the city of Barcelona and the ascension of theBourbons to the Spanish throne, Sant Jordi's Day began to fall out of favor. It was not until the end of the 1800s, with theRenaixença, that Sant Jordi's day regained its previous popularity within Catalonia.[2]
In 1923, Vicente Clavel, a Valencian writer, editor, and the director of the Cervantes publishing house in Barcelona, first proposed Book Day.[5] A decision was not made and the proposal languished; however, in 1925, he raised the idea with the Catalan Chamber of Books, of which he was vice president, and finally in February 1926 a decision was made to create and promote a day dedicated to books on October 7.[6][7][8][9] October 7 is believed by some people to be the birth date of the writerMiguel de Cervantes.[5] Clavel and the Chamber of Books also lobbied for Day of the Book at a national level; as a result, that same year,King Alfonso XIII of Spain signed a decree designating October 7 as Book Day.[9] The day after the second annual Book Day, on October 8, 1927, the Barcelona newspaper,La Vanguardia published, "Barcelona celebrated Book Day with real fervor yesterday. A festival of civility and intelligence, it has quickly taken root in the soul of the city. From last year—when it was held for the first time—to this year, the progress is extraordinary" (translated).[8]
In 1931, five years after the establishment of the Day of the Book, the event was moved from October 7 to April 23 at the request of booksellers to coincide with the anniversaries of the deaths of Cervantes andShakespeare.[6] The day quickly grew in popularity because it also coincided with St. Jordi's Day and the Rose Festival, which had been celebrated for hundreds of years.[6]
Although the Day of Books and Roses quickly grew in popularity, under the Spanish dictatorship ofFrancisco Franco, from 1936 to 1975,anti-Catalan policies were enacted, and Catalan language and culture was repressed,[10][4] and Sant Jordi celebrations were initially prohibited.[2]
In 1995, UNESCO adopted April 23 asWorld Book Day and decreed the book as the most important instrument in the dissemination of knowledge.[6] In 2015 Barcelona was named as a UNESCOCity of Literature; central to the candidacy was the unique celebration of books and roses.[11][12] In 2017, a group of Catalan publishers, booksellers, florists, and other professionals presented an application to UNESCO to have the Day of Books and Roses recognized asIntangible Heritage.[6]
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April 23 is one of the most important days inCatalan culture[3] when people exchange books and roses. Preparations for the Day of Books and Roses begins well before April 23.[6] In Barcelona, the city is papered with posters in all neighborhoods, and the central activity is inLa Rambla, thePasseig de Gràcia, andRambla de Catalunya.[6] On the sidewalks tents are set up from which books and red roses are sold.[6][13] Bookstores bring their materials outside, and various associations, unions, and schools line the streets at tables. Also, there are small tables of illustrators and authors selling and signing their books.[6] Even though there is considerable activity in the streets, bookstores are also crowded on this day with lines extending outside.[6]
Since 1997 the official slogan of the day has been "A rose for a love, and a book forever".[14]
Schools in Catalonia prepare for the day with numerous activities related to books and literature. This includes the celebration ofFloral Games of literature and poetry[6] The sardana, the national dance of Catalonia, is performed throughout the day in the Plaça Sant Jaume in Barcelona. 23 April is also one of only three days a year when thePalau de la Generalitat, Catalonia's principal government building, is open to the public. The interior is decorated with roses to honour Saint George.
The day generates considerable economic activity for authors, publishers, and booksellers. For example, in Catalonia on April 23, 2016, more than 1,580,000 copies of 45,267 book titles were sold, and 54 percent of these were in theCatalan language.[6] Annually, approximately 8 percent of books sold in Catalonia—1.5 million—are sold on this day, as are a third of all roses.[15][16]
In 2015, the Barcelona-basedDiplocat Consortium (Catalan government) launched an effort to internationalize the Day of Books and Roses. The campaign uses the hashtag #BooksAndRoses to bring attention to events, activities, and celebrations outside of Catalonia.[17][18]
Media related toDiada de Sant Jordi at Wikimedia Commons| In culture |  | |
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