| Saffron Walden | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Saffron Walden Location withinEssex | |
| Population | 17,022 (Parish, 2021)[1] 16,610 (Built up area, 2021)[2] |
| OS grid reference | TL541387 |
| Civil parish |
|
| District | |
| Shire county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SAFFRON WALDEN |
| Postcode district | CB10, CB11 |
| Dialling code | 01799 |
| Police | Essex |
| Fire | Essex |
| Ambulance | East of England |
| UK Parliament | |
| 52°01′19″N0°14′35″E / 52.022°N 0.243°E /52.022; 0.243 | |
Saffron Walden is amarket town andcivil parish in theUttlesford district ofEssex, England, 12 miles (19 km) north ofBishop's Stortford, 15 miles (24 km) south ofCambridge and 43 miles (69 km) north ofLondon. It retains a rural appearance and some buildings of themedieval period. As well as the town itself, the parish also includesLittle Walden andAudley End. At the2021 census, the built up area had a population of 16,610, and the parish had a population of 17,022.
Archaeological evidence suggests continuous settlement on or near the site of Saffron Walden from at least theNeolithic period.[3] It is believed that a smallRomano-British settlement and fort – possibly in the area round Abbey Lane – existed as an outpost of the much larger settlement ofCestreforda to the north.[3]
The town was originally just called Walden, derived from theOld Englishwalhdenu meaning 'valley of theBritons'.[4]
After theNorman Conquest of 1066, a stone church was built.Walden Castle, dating from about 1140, may have been built on pre-existing fortifications.[5] A priory,Walden Abbey, was founded in around 1136 under the patronage ofGeoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex.[3] The abbey was separated from Walden by Holywell Field. After thedissolution of the monasteries,Sir Thomas Audley converted its cloisters into a dwelling, which was subsequently rebuilt asAudley End House.[3]
In the 13th century there had been a market at nearbyNewport. The market was moved to Walden during de Mandeville's tenure, increasing the town's influence. A Tuesday market was held from 1295, and the town was granted its first formalmarket charter in about 1300. The town then became known asChepyng (i.e. Market) Walden.[3] The town at that time was largely confined to the castle's outer bailey, but in the 13th century the Battle or Repel Ditches were built or extended to enclose a larger area to the south. The focus of the town moved southwards to Market Square.
The main trading item in medieval times was wool. Aguildhall was built by thewool-staplers in the market place, but demolished in 1847 to make way for theCorn Exchange.[3]
In the 16th and 17th centuries thesaffroncrocus (Crocus sativus) was widely grown, thanks to the town's favourable soil and climate. Thestigmas of the flower were used in medicines, as a condiment, in perfume, as an expensive yellow dye, and as an aphrodisiac. The industry gave Walden its present name.[3] In the records of the Court of Common Pleas, the town was called Magna Walden in Hilary Term 1484,[6] and Chipping Walden in the 15th and early 16th centuries,[7] but by the 1540s it had become Saffron Walden.[8]
The town and surrounding area, like much ofEast Anglia, was stronglyPuritan during the 17th century. The population was influenced by the missionaryJohn Eliot. By 1640, Samuel Bass's family and a number of others had departed for theMassachusetts Bay Colony as part of theGreat Migration.[9]
Saffron Walden was at the centre of theEastern Association during theEnglish Civil War. While the town was the headquarters of theNew Model Army, Lieutenant-General of Horse,Oliver Cromwell paid a 19-day visit in May 1647, taking part in debates to seek a settlement between Parliament and the army.[10] He is thought to have stayed at theSun Inn.[11]
By the end of the 18th century saffron was no longer in demand and the industry was replaced bymalt andbarley. More than 40maltings stood in the town by the end of the century.[12] The trade was less lucrative than saffron, but the town continued to grow through the 19th century, and had acattle market, corn exchange and other civic buildings. During this timeQuakers became economically active in the area. The influential Gibsons – one of the founding families ofBarclays Bank – aided the construction of several public buildings that remain today, such as theSaffron Walden Museum and theSaffron Walden Town Hall.[13][14]
TheEastern Counties Railway opened its route from London to Cambridge in 1845, taking a route along the valley of theRiver Granta to the west of the town. The nearest station to Saffron Walden on that line isAudley End railway station, 2 miles (3 km) south-west of the town atWendens Ambo. TheSaffron Walden Railway was subsequently built as a branch line from Audley End toBartlow viaSaffron Walden railway station, which opened in 1865. The branch line closed as part of theBeeching cuts in 1964, since when Audley End has again been Saffron Walden's nearest station.[15][16]
Heavy industry arrived after the Second World War. Acrows Ltd, makers offalsework, built premises to the east of the town and became a significant employer and economic influence in the area.[17] For a short time there was a dedicated railway station for the works known asAcrow Halt.[18]
Saffron Walden's unofficialcoat of arms showed the saffron crocus within the walls of the castle in the form of anheraldic pun – as in, "Saffron walled-in". In 1961, a formal coat of arms was granted by theCollege of Arms and this was adapted in 1974 into its current form.[20]
The town has threeceremonial maces. The large mace was given to Saffron Walden byJames II in 1685 and provides an early recording of the unofficial coat of arms. Made ofsilver gilt, it is approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) long. Two smaller silver maces were bought by the corporation in 1549 to commemorate the granting of a new town charter byEdward VI. This purchase is recorded in the town's Guild of Holy Trinity accounts and reads,"For 2 new maces, weying 18 ownces one quarter and half at 8s. the ownce 7l.7s".[20]
The 12th-centuryWalden Castle, built or expanded byGeoffrey de Mandeville, the firstEarl of Essex, is in ruins. After themedieval period, the castle fell into disuse and much of the flint was taken and used in the construction of local houses and the wall surrounding the Audley End estate. All that remains is the ruined basement.
Near the castle is aturf maze, a series of circular excavations cut into the turf of thecommon. It is the largest example of this style of maze in England, the main part being about 100 feet (30 m) in diameter. The earliest record of it dates from 1699, although its origin may be earlier. It has been extensively restored several times, most recently in 1979.[21][22]
The oldest inhabited building in the town is believed to be the former maltings at 1 Myddleton Place. The 15th-century building with a courtyard garden was used by theYouth Hostel Association from 1947 to 2010.[23] It is now used for functions.[24]Pevsner described it as: "without doubt, the best medieval house of Saffron Walden".[25] Other notable early buildings are in Bridge Street, Castle Street and the side streets off the High Street. The High Street contains some late-Georgian and Victorian buildings.[25]
Bridge End Gardens, seven interlinked gardens – including a maze, rose garden and walled garden – were originally laid out by the Gibson family in about 1840. They have been restored with help from the Heritage Lottery Fund and volunteers.[26][27]
St Mary the Virgin, Saffron Walden (Church of England) is the largestparish church in Essex.[28] The church dates mainly from the end of the 15th century, when an old smaller church was extensively rebuilt by the master masonJohn Wastell, who was buildingKing's College Chapel in the nearby city of Cambridge. In 1769 it was damaged by lightning and the repairs, carried out in the 1790s, removed many medieval features. Thespire was added in 1832 to replace an older lantern tower. The church is 183 feet (56 m) long and the spire, 193 feet (59 m) high, is the tallest in Essex.
The town'sCatholic church, Our Lady of Compassion, is on Castle Street. Created in 1906 from a 16th-century barn, it was restored in 2004–5.[29]
With a long history ofnon-conformism, Saffron Walden has:
There are three tiers of local government covering Saffron Walden, atparish (town),district, andcounty level: Saffron Walden Town Council,Uttlesford District Council, andEssex County Council. The town council is based atSaffron Walden Town Hall.[31] The district council is also based in the town, having its headquarters at the former Saffron Walden General Hospital building on London Road.[32]
For national elections, the town forms part of theNorth West Essex constituency.[33] TheMP isConservative,Kemi Badenoch who is Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Conservative Party.
The modern constituency was created in 2024, replacing the formerSaffron Walden constituency, which had covered the town and an extensive surrounding rural area. Notable former MPs for that constituency included:
Saffron Walden was anancient parish in theUttlesford hundred of Essex. As well as the town itself, the parish included surrounding rural areas, including Audley End, Little Walden, andSewards End.[34] The town wasincorporated as aborough by a charter fromEdward VI in 1550.[a][35] The borough boundary covered the whole parish. Proposals were drawn up in the 1830s to reduce the borough to just cover the town itself, but were not implemented.[36]
In 1836 the borough was reformed to become amunicipal borough under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country.[37][38]
The borough of Saffron Walden was abolished in 1974 under theLocal Government Act 1972, when the area became part of the new Uttlesford district.[39] Asuccessor parish called Saffron Walden was created at the same time, covering the area of the former borough, with its parish council taking the name Saffron Walden Town Council.[40][31]
Sewards End became a separate parish from Saffron Walden in 2004.[41][42]
At the 2021 census, the population of the parish was 17,022,[1] and the population of the Saffron Walden built up area was 16,610.[2] The population of the parish had been 15,504 at the 2011 census.[43]
According to theOffice for National Statistics, at the time of theUnited Kingdom Census 2001, Saffron Walden had a population of 14,313. The 2001 population density was 10,900 inhabitants per square mile (4,209/km2), with a 100 to 94.5 female-to-male ratio.[44] Of those over 16 years old, 45.0 per cent were married, 27.4 per cent were single (never married), and 8.2 per cent divorced.[45] The parish's 6,013 households included 38.5 per cent married couples living together, 31.5 per cent one-person households, 8.4 per centco-habiting couples, and 7.9 per cent single parents with children.[46] Of those aged 16–74, 22.3 per cent had noacademic qualifications, close to the average for Uttlesford (22.0 per cent) and below that for the whole of England (28.9 per cent).[47][48]
In the 2001 UK census, 73.0 per cent of Saffron Walden residents declared themselves Christian, 0.6 per cent Muslim, 0.4 per cent Buddhist, 0.2 per cent Jewish, and 0.1 per cent Hindu. The census recorded 17.6 per cent as having no religion, 0.4 per cent with an alternative religion, and 7.8 per cent not stating their religion.[49]
Saffron Walden County High School is a large co-educationalacademy with over 2000 pupils.[50] Located to the west of the town centre, it was rated outstanding in its most recentOfsted report in 2012.[51]
The school replacedSaffron Walden Grammar School, which was established in 1521 by the town's Holy Trinity Guild andDame Joan Bradbury, a local benefactor.[3] Dame Bradbury also founded Dame Bradbury's School on Ashdon Road. There has been a school on this site since 1317 but it was in 1521 that Dame Bradbury made this school available for local people. For the first four years Dame Bradbury paid the salary of the schoolmaster herself, until the school was endowed in 1535.[52]
Friends' School, renamed Walden School, was a co-educational Quaker independent school with roots dating back to 1702. Its final building, in Mount Pleasant Road, opened in 1879.[53] On 11 May 2017 it was announced that Walden School would close at the end of the 2016–17 school year. Its final day was 7 July 2017.
Saffron Walden College, a teachers' training college for women, closed in 1977.[54]
The nearest station to Saffron Walden isAudley End, which is located 2 miles (3 km) outside the town in the village ofWendens Ambo; regular bus services link it to the town centre.
The station is sited on theWest Anglia Main Line betweenCambridge andLondon Liverpool Street.Greater Anglia operates an off-peak service of two trains an hour in each direction, with additional services during peak times; the journey time to London is approximately 55 minutes and approximately 20 minutes to Cambridge.[55] All southbound trains also stop atTottenham Hale, where there is aLondon UndergroundVictoria line station and onward rail connections toStratford station in east London.
An hourlyGreater Anglia service betweenStansted Airport andNorwich, viaCambridge andEly, also stops at Audley End.
Regular bus services connect the town with Cambridge,Bishop's Stortford,Haverhill and Stansted Airport. Operators includeStephensons of Essex andStagecoach East.[56]
Saffron Walden is accessed from junction 8 of theM11 when travelling northbound from London and from junction 10 when travelling south from Cambridge.
During thecoronavirus pandemic, Essex Highways narrowed some roads in the town centre to makesocial distancing easier for pedestrians and they reduced somespeed limits to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) as part of theirSafer, Greener, Healthier scheme.[57]
Stansted Airport is located 15 miles (24 km) from the town, whileLuton Airport is 43 miles (69 km) away.
Audley End Airfield, a private grass runway, is located about 1 mile (2 km) outside of the town.
Audley End House, once one of the largest mansions in England, is now in the care ofEnglish Heritage and is open to the public.[58] During the summer months, picnic concerts and a last night in the style of theBBC Proms have been held in the grounds.[59][60]Audley End Miniature Railway – originally built by Lord Braybrooke – is a10+1⁄4 in (260 mm)gauge railway ride through woodland adjoining Audley End House. The track is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and opened in 1964.[61]
Saffron Walden Museum, which was established in 1835 by Saffron Walden Natural History Society, is close to the town's castle. The museum had many benefactors from local families, including the Gibsons, Frys and Tukes. The first professional curator, Guy Nathan Mayard, was appointed in 1889 and his son, also Guy Maynard, succeeded him as curator before moving on toIpswich Museum. It is still owned by the founding society – now Saffron Walden Museum Society – and is managed by Uttlesford District Council.[62] The museum contains the stuffed remains of a lion named Wallace (1812 – 1838), said to have inspiredMarriott Edgar's comic poem "The Lion and Albert".[63] It is also home to the mummy of a 7 year old dating to the 3rd century AD.[64]
TheFry Art Gallery exhibits the work of artists who had an association with Saffron Walden and north west Essex, focusing onGreat Bardfield Artists. The collection includes extensive artworks and supporting material byEdward Bawden, who lived in the town during the 1970s and 1980s, andEric Ravilious.[65]
Saffron Hall, which is attached to Saffron Walden County High School, opened in 2013. The 730-seater venue came about as a result of a £10 million donation by an anonymous music loving donor.[50] In 2014, former head of music at theBarbican Centre Angela Dixon became its director.[66]
Saffron Walden Market is a thriving market, with numerous local sellers trading goods, is held every Tuesday and Saturday (and Thursdays in the run up to Christmas); it is attended by local residents likeJamie Oliver.
TheAnglo American playing fields, located close to Bridge End Gardens on Catons Lane, are home to the town's cricket club and were donated to Saffron Walden by the US forces after thewar. Prior to that, Saffron Walden Cricket Club played on the town's common, with a history of cricket matches recorded back to 1757.[67] A monument at the site commemorates the American airmen and people of Saffron Walden who died in the Second World War.[68][69]
Lord Butler Leisure Centre is located on Peaslands Road and includes a pool, gym and sports injury clinic.[70]
TheTour de France passed through Saffron Walden in2014.[71]
Saffron Walden has a well-establishedhockey club, with its main pitch and clubhouse in Newport and a second pitch at Saffron Walden County High School. The club has eight men's teams, seven women's teams and a large junior section. The women play in Division 2 and the men play in Prem B.[citation needed]
The town'sskate park is an American-built facility.[72] It opened in 2007.[73]
Saffron Walden is the name of a tune often associated with thehymn "Just as I Am". It was written by Arthur Henry Brown (1830–1926) from Essex.[74] He wrote many hymn tunes, which he often named after his favourite places.[75]
Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC East andITV Anglia. Television signals are received from theSandy Heath TV transmitter.[76]
The town is covered by bothBBC Essex andBBC Radio Cambridgeshire includingHeart East,Greatest Hits Radio East,Star Radio and Radio Forest which broadcast to patients at the Saffron Walden Community Hospitalin the town.[77]
TheSaffron Walden Reporter andWalden Local are the town's local newspapers.[78][79]
In alphabetical order:
Saffron Walden istwinned withBad Wildungen in Germany.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Tom Robinson + Friends School.
William Strachey + lived at Saffron Walden.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
