InModern Hebrew, the termstzabar (SING;צַבָּר) and its pluraltzabarim (PLUR;צַבָּרִים) refer toJews born in theLand of Israel or the State ofIsrael.[1] The word is derived from theHebrew name for theprickly pear cactus, commonlytransliterated into English assabra. The usage of the term became widespread during the 1930s, when it was employed to denote a Jew whose birthplace was within the Land of Israel—corresponding toOttoman Syria until 1918 (cf.Old Yishuv) andMandatory Palestine until 1948 (cf.New Yishuv). The term may have been in use earlier.
The designationsabra is associated with the imagery of the cactus, a plant characterized by its thorny exterior and soft interior. This metaphor has been used to describe Israeli-born Jews as outwardly tough but inwardly gentle. The concept is reflected in the figure ofSrulik, a cartoon character that serves as anational personification of the State Israel.[2]
By 2010, more than 70% ofIsraeli Jews weresabras.[3] This proportion rose to 75% in 2015[4][5] and 80% in 2024.[6]
The termsabra came into common use within theJewish community in Palestine during the 1930s. Its usage is thought to date back to the early 20th century, when it was applied to the first generation of Hebrew-speaking Jews born in Palestine, particularly the children ofsettlers during theFirst Aliyah, which began in 1881. This generation referred to themselves asetrogim. The wordtzabar was reportedly employed by some immigrants of theSecond Aliyah andThird Aliyah, initially in a derogatory sense.[7][8][9][10]
A shift in the meaning of the term occurred with the publication of an essay by journalist Uri Kesari, himself a sabra, who sought to emphasize positive qualities associated with the sabra. On 18 April 1931, in the newspaperDo'ar HaYom, he published an article titled “We Are the Leaves of the Sabra!”, in which he argued against discrimination directed toward Jews born in Palestine by more recent immigrants.[10][11][12][13]
According to the1931 census of Palestine, the Jewish population numbered 174,610, of whom 73,195 (42%) were born in Palestine.[14] Sociologist Oz Almog wrote that signs of a distinctive sabra culture appeared as early asWorld War I, when the children of First Aliyah immigrants began displaying characteristics later associated with the sabra identity.Avshalom Feinberg, born in 1889, has been referred to as "the first sabra". During the 1920s, a new Hebrew culture was visibly developing, and by the 1930s and 1940s the termsabra was in widespread use. Over this period, it acquired increasing prestige, and the sabra emerged as a culturalarchetype andhero within the Yishuv and later Israeli society.[10]
Almog described the sabra identity as one that developed particularly among students at Hebrewgymnasiums, residents ofkibbutzim andmoshavim, members ofZionist youth movements, and fighters in thePalmach. These groups cultivated a shared cultural consciousness along with distinctive symbols and forms of language, dress, and leisure. By the early 1940s, the idea that a new Hebrew nation was emerging was widespread among youth inTel Aviv.[10]
In November 1948,Arthur Koestler published an article titled "Israel: The Native Generation", in which he contrasted sabras with immigrant Jews, whom he described as a "lost generation". Koestler characterized sabras as "fearless to the point of recklessness, bold, extroverted, and little inclined towards, if not openly contemptuous of, intellectual pursuits", while also describing their worldview as "provincial and hyper-chauvinistic", shaped by the conditions of a settler community engaged innation-building and constant defense againstPalestinians.[15]
That same month, following the declaration of Israeli independence earlier in the year, the State of Israel conducted its first census. Of the Jewish population of 716,700, approximately 35% were native-born.[16][17]
Participation in Zionist youth movements such asHaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed andHashomer Hatzair,scouting, and compulsory military service were regarded as formative influences on sabra identity.[18]
In the 1950s and subsequent decades, several factors contributed to a decline in the use of the term, includingmass immigration of Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries, the growing influence of Western—particularly American—culture, and the political and social changes following theSix-Day War in 1967 and theYom Kippur War in 1973. Jews born in Israel after 1948 were often referred to as theDor haMedina (Hebrew:דור המדינה, “Statehood Generation”), a group commonly described as less defined byLabor Zionism and Israeli nationalism and more influenced by cultural pragmatism and global mass culture.[19]
The large-scale immigration to Israel following the1948 Palestine war initially reduced the percentage of native-born Jews, which fell from 35% in 1948 to 25% in 1951. As immigration slowed and birthrates among both established and immigrant families rose, the percentage of native-born Jews increased again: reaching 33% in 1956, 38% in 1961, 40% in 1965, and 46% in 1970.[20][21]
The share of immigrants to natives reached an equilibrium in the mid-1970s and from then on sabras represented a majority of the Jewish population. Sabras were 57% of the Jewish population in 1983 and 61% in 1995.[22]
The sabra has been represented in Israeli popular culture and symbolism through a variety of artistic forms. One notable example isSrulik, an illustrated character created by cartoonistKariel Gardosh, depicted wearingshorts,sandals, and aTembel hat. Srulik has been used as a national personification of the State of Israel. Another figure associated with the sabra image isKishkashta, a talkinganthropomorphic cactus that appeared as a character on Israeli children’s television.[23]
The English transliterationSabra has also been employed for commercial purposes. Israeli manufacturers used the name to market products abroad as distinctly Israeli, includingSabra liqueur andSabra Sport, a sports model of theSussita automobile. As of 2009, the largesthummus manufacturer in the world is the U.S.-basedSabra Dipping Company.[24]
The term has also appeared in international popular culture. On the American television programSaturday Night Live, a 1992 sketch titled “Sabra Price Is Right” featuredTom Hanks. Written byRobert Smigel, the sketch parodied Israeli-born Jews bargaining with contestants who believe they are participating inThe Price Is Right. The segment portrayed exaggerated negotiations over faulty consumer goods.[25]
In American comic books,Marvel Comics introduced an Israeli superheroine namedSabra (Ruth Bat-Seraph) during the 1980s.[26] The character has appeared alongside various Marvel superheroes, including theHulk and theX-Men, and is included in theMarvel Cinematic Universe filmCaptain America: Brave New World (2025), portrayed byShira Haas.[27]
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sabra" person – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(October 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The first sabra to hold the powers of the office ofprime minister of Israel wasYigal Allon, who served as acting prime minister from February to March 1969. He was born inKfar Tavor.[28] The first sabra to serve as prime minister, rather than acting prime minister, wasYitzhak Rabin, who held the office from 1974 to 1977 and again from 1992 to 1995.[29] Since Rabin, four additional sabra prime ministers have served:Benjamin Netanyahu,Ehud Barak,Ariel Sharon, andEhud Olmert. Netanyahu was the first Prime Minister who was born in the State of Israel after its establishment in 1948.[30]
The first sabra to serve aspresident of Israel wasYitzhak Navon, who was born inJerusalem.Dalia Itzik was the first sabra born after the establishment of the State of Israel to exercise the powers of the presidency, serving as acting president. The first sabra born in the State of Israel to be elected president isIsaac Herzog.
Among other sabra political figures,Avraham Burg was the firstSpeaker of the Knesset to have been born in the State of Israel, serving from 1999 to 2003. In addition,Naftali Bennett andYair Lapid, who have both served as prime ministers, were born in the State of Israel after its independence.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
